{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T15:51:48Z","timestamp":1788191508055,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]],"date-time":"2021-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Nature has always been considered as the primary source of pharmaceutical ingredients. A variety of hemicelluloses, as well as their modified forms, have been under investigation. Herein, a study was designed to explore the biocompatibility of hemicellulose and its modified form (thiolated hemicellulose) as well as its potential as a pharmaceutical excipient.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Method:<\/jats:bold> For thiol modification thiourea was used as the thiol donor, HCl as the catalytic reagent, and methanol was used for washing purposes. Modified polymers were characterized for physicochemical characteristics, including surface morphology, the amorphous or crystalline nature of the particles, modification of polymer by FTIR, and biocompatibilities. For acute oral toxicity study, a single dose of 2\u00a0g\/kg was administered to albino rats of 200\u00a0g average weight (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 3). Polymers were evaluated as pharmaceutical excipients by preparing compressed tablets of antiplatelet drug (Ticagrelor), followed by various quality control tests, such as swelling index, thickness and diameter, disintegration, and <jats:italic>in-vitro<\/jats:italic> drug release.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> From the results, it was observed that thiol modification has been successfully accomplished as characteristic peaks belonging to \u2013SH group appeared at 2667.7691\u00a0cm<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> in FTIR scan. The modified polymer was found safe in the use concentration range, confirming their safe use for <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> analysis. No significant effect has been observed in the behavior, biological fluid (blood), or on vital organs. Thiolated hemicellulose was found to be an excellent drug retarding polymer as 8\u00a0h of dissolution studies showed that 67.08% of the drug has been released.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> Conclusively, incorporation of thiol moiety made the polymer more mucoadhesive with, and a worthy carrier of, the drug with good biocompatibilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.550020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]],"date-time":"2021-05-19T05:11:47Z","timestamp":1621401107000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Synthesis of Thiol-Modified Hemicellulose, Its Biocompatibility, Studies, and Appraisal as a Sustained Release Carrier of Ticagrelor"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Zaman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rabia Imtiaz","family":"Bajwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omer Salman","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atta Ur","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadaf","family":"Saeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Wahab","family":"Amjad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Abdul","family":"Ghafoor Raja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Ajaz","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3303","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2013.3303","article-title":"Scientific Opinion on the Safety of Polyvinyl Alcohol\u2010polyethylene Glycol\u2010graft\u2010co\u2010polymer as a Food Additive","volume":"11","author":"Additives, E.P.o.F., and Food, N.S.a.t.","year":"2013","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4260","DOI":"10.7537\/marslsj090412.636","article-title":"A Comparative Study for Evaluation of Different Brands of Metformin Hydrochloride 500 Mg Tablets Marketed in Saudi Arabia","volume":"9","author":"Afifi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Life Sci. J."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.22159\/ajpcr.2018.v11i10.27136","article-title":"\u201cEnhancement of Solubility of a Poorly Soluble Antiplatelet Aggregation Drug by Cogrinding Technique\u201d","volume":"11","author":"Bayoumi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018830204170","article-title":"Polymers with Thiol Groups: a New Generation of Mucoadhesive Polymers?","volume":"16","author":"Bernkop","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/284182","article-title":"Thiol Modification of Psyllium Husk Mucilage and Evaluation of its Mucoadhesive Applications","volume":"2013","author":"Bhatia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scientific World J."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.22270\/ajprd.v6i3.370","article-title":"Comparative Study of In-Process and Finished Products Quality Control Test for Tablet and Capsules According to Pharmacopoeias","volume":"6","author":"Chavan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Res. Dev."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1477","article-title":"Ticagrelor: Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Clinical Efficacy, and Safety","volume":"34","author":"Dobesh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.3109\/01480545.2014.956219","article-title":"Acute Toxicity Studies of a Novel Excipient Arabinoxylan Isolated from Ispaghula (Plantago Ovata) Husk","volume":"38","author":"Erum","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19832","DOI":"10.1039\/d0ra03176c","article-title":"A Stimuli-Responsive, Superporous and Non-toxic Smart Hydrogel from Seeds of Mugwort (Artemisia Vulgaris): Stimuli Responsive Swelling\/deswelling, Intelligent Drug Delivery and Enhanced Aceclofenac Bioavailability","volume":"10","author":"Farid-ul-Haq","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/146329","article-title":"Thiomers: a Blessing to Evaluating Era of Pharmaceuticals","volume":"2015","author":"Hanif","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/s0939-6411(02)00162-5","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of the Viscoelastic Properties of Chitosan-Thioglycolic Acid Conjugates","volume":"55","author":"Hornof","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmaceutics Biopharmaceutics"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.7324\/JAPS.2013.31020","article-title":"Formulation Development and Evaluation of Ticagrelor Tablet for Regulatory Market","volume":"3","author":"Hossain","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2010.09.024","article-title":"Evaluation of Hot-Water Extracted Arabinoxylans from Ispaghula Seeds as Drug Carriers","volume":"83","author":"Iqbal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.5958\/0974-360x.2019.00228.2","article-title":"Quality Assessment and Comparative Study of Different Marketed Brands of Metformin","volume":"12","author":"Jain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rese. Jour. Pharm. Technol."},{"key":"B15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Acute Toxicity Study of an Aqueous Extract of Ficus Racemosa Linn. Bark in Albino Mice","volume":"6","author":"Jaykaran","year":"2009","journal-title":"Internet J. Toxicol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.3390\/polym3041972","article-title":"Water Soluble Polymers for Pharmaceutical Applications","volume":"3","author":"Kadajji","year":"2011","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fjps.2016.08.002","article-title":"Development of Stavudine Sustained Release Tablets: In-Vitro Studies","volume":"2","author":"Kambham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Future J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2016.02.009","article-title":"Thiolated Carboxymethyl Dextran as a Nanocarrier for Colon Delivery of hSET1 Antisense: In vitro Stability and Efficiency Study","volume":"62","author":"Kiani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/s0731-7085(03)00347-9","article-title":"Development and Validation of an UV Derivative Spectrophotometric Determination of Losartan Potassium in Tablets","volume":"33","author":"Lastra","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-chembioeng-073009-100847","article-title":"Polymers for Drug Delivery Systems","volume":"1","author":"Liechty","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomol. Eng."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.35812\/cellulosechemtechnol.2020.54.31","article-title":"Acute Toxicity of a Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogel from Seeds of Ocimum Basilicum","volume":"54","author":"Lodhi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cellulose Chem. Technol."},{"key":"B22","first-page":"37","article-title":"Novel Mucoadhesive Polymers\u2013A Review","volume":"1","author":"Mythri","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"B23","first-page":"1157","article-title":"Different Methods of Formulation and Evaluation of Mucoadhesive Microsphere","volume":"1","author":"Parmar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Biol. Pharm. Technol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E203","DOI":"10.1208\/pt0803077","article-title":"Mucoadhesive Bilayer Tablets of Propranolol Hydrochloride","volume":"8","author":"Patel","year":"2007","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/s1367-5931(00)00227-1","article-title":"Polymers in Drug Delivery","volume":"5","author":"Pillai","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2016.09.031","article-title":"Enhancing the Efficiency of Thiomers: Utilizing a Highly Mucoadhesive Polymer as Backbone for Thiolation and Preactivation","volume":"96","author":"Pr\u00fcfert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.031","article-title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Psyllium Seed Mucilage Grafted with N , N -methylene Bisacrylamide","volume":"103","author":"Rao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. macromolecules"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2008.02.019","article-title":"Structure Characterization and Carboxymethylation of Arabinoxylan Isolated from Ispaghula (Plantago Ovata) Seed Husk","volume":"74","author":"Saghir","year":"2008","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"B29","first-page":"83","article-title":"Histopathological Effects of ZnO Nanoparticles on Liver and Heart Tissues in Wistar Rats","volume":"4","author":"Saman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Biores"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3390\/s40670105","article-title":"Electrical Characterization of a Thiol SAM on Gold as a First Step for the Fabrication of Immunosensors Based on a Quartz Crystal Microbalance","volume":"4","author":"Tlili","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2006.06.048","article-title":"Novel Triblock Copolymers Synthesized via Radical Telomerization of N-Isopropylacrylamide in the Presence of Polypseudorotaxanes Made from Thiolated PEG and \u03b1-CDs","volume":"47","author":"Yu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.09.062","article-title":"Chitosan and Thiolated Chitosan: Novel Therapeutic Approach for Preventing Corneal Haze after Chemical Injuries","volume":"179","author":"Zahir-Jouzdani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"B33","volume-title":"Formulation and Evaluation of Tizanidine-Meloxicam Mucoadhesive Buccal Films by Central Composite Rotatable Design and Their Pharmacokinetic Studies","author":"Zaman","year":"2018"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1080\/03602559.2017.1324575","article-title":"Arabinoxylan-based Mucoadhesive Oral Films of Tizanidine HCL Designed and Optimized Using Central Composite Rotatable Design","volume":"57","author":"Zaman","year":"","journal-title":"Polymer-Plastics Techn. Eng."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"025019","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605x\/aa9d69","article-title":"Synthesis of Thiolated Arabinoxylan and its Application as Sustained Release Mucoadhesive Film Former","volume":"13","author":"Zaman","year":""}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2021.550020\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]],"date-time":"2021-05-27T16:57:39Z","timestamp":1622134659000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2021.550020\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2021.550020"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2021.550020","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]]},"article-number":"550020"}}