{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:38:33Z","timestamp":1790887113501,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]],"date-time":"2021-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Scope:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Ellagitannins are polyphenols found in numerous fruits, nuts and seeds. The elagitannin punicalagin and its bioactive metabolites ellagic acid and urolithins are discussed to comprise a high potential for therapeutically or preventive medical application such as in intestinal diseases. The present study characterizes effects of punicalagin, ellagic acid and urolithin A on intestinal barrier function in the absence or presence of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF\u03b1).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods and Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Transepithelial resistance (TER), fluorescein and ion permeability, tight junction protein expression and signalling pathways were examined in Caco-2 and HT-29\/B6 intestinal epithelial cell models. Punicalagin had less or no effects on barrier function in both cell models. Ellagic acid was most effective in ileum-like Caco-2 cells, where it increased TER and reduced fluorescein and sodium permeabilities. This was paralleled by myosin light chain kinase two mediated expression down-regulation of claudin-4, -7 and -15. Urolithin A impeded the TNF\u03b1-induced barrier loss by inhibition of claudin-1 and -2 protein expression upregulation and claudin-1 delocalization in HT-29\/B6.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Ellagic acid and urolithin A affect intestinal barrier function in distinct ways. Ellagic acid acts preventive by strengthening the barrier per se, while urolithin A protects against inflammation-induced barrier dysfunction.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.610164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]],"date-time":"2021-03-09T23:54:06Z","timestamp":1615334046000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["The Punicalagin Metabolites Ellagic Acid and Urolithin A Exert Different Strengthening and Anti-Inflammatory Effects on Tight Junction-Mediated Intestinal Barrier Function In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Nina A.","family":"Hering","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Luettig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Britta","family":"Jebautzke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg D.","family":"Schulzke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Rosenthal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.02406","article-title":"Overexpression of claudin-7 decreases the paracellular Cl- conductance and increases the paracellular Na+ conductance in LLC-PK1 cells","volume":"118","author":"Alexandre","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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