{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T04:28:23Z","timestamp":1785558503250,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Momordica<\/jats:italic> species (Family Cucurbitaceae) are cultivated throughout the world for their edible fruits, leaves, shoots and seeds. Among the species of the genus <jats:italic>Momordica,<\/jats:italic> there are three selected species that are used as vegetable, and for medicinal purposes, <jats:italic>Momordica charantia<\/jats:italic> L (Bitter melon), <jats:italic>Momordica foetida<\/jats:italic> Schumach (Bitter cucumber) and <jats:italic>Momordica balsamina<\/jats:italic> L (African pumpkin). The fruits and leaves of these <jats:italic>Momordica<\/jats:italic> species are rich in primary and secondary metabolites such as proteins, fibers, minerals (calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc), <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>-carotene, foliate, ascorbic acid, among others. The extracts from <jats:italic>Momordica<\/jats:italic> species are used for the treatment of a variety of diseases and ailments in traditional medicine. <jats:italic>Momordica<\/jats:italic> species extracts are reputed to possess anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, anthelmintic bioactivity, abortifacient, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, and play chemo-preventive functions. In this review we summarize the biochemical, nutritional, and medicinal values of three <jats:italic>Momordica<\/jats:italic> species (<jats:italic>M. charantia<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>M. foetida<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>M. balsamina<\/jats:italic>) as promising and innovative sources of natural bioactive compounds for future pharmaceutical usage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.625546","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T07:42:13Z","timestamp":1620891733000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Three Selected Edible Crops of the Genus Momordica as Potential Sources of Phytochemicals: Biochemical, Nutritional, and Medicinal Values"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mashudu","family":"Muronga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Quispe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phumudzo P.","family":"Tshikhudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Titus A. M","family":"Msagati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fhatuwani N.","family":"Mudau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miquel","family":"Martorell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahare","family":"Salehi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad Faizal","family":"Abdull Razis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Usman","family":"Sunusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramla Muhammad","family":"Kamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javad","family":"Sharifi-Rad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","article-title":"Determination of Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Phytochemical Properties of Cocos Nucifera Linn Endocarp Extract on Bacteria Associated with Human Infection","volume":"4","author":"Abegunde","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Microbiol."},{"key":"B2","first-page":"51","article-title":"Phytochemicals and Spectrophotometric Determination of Metals in Various Medicinal Plants in Nigeria","volume":"2","author":"Abidemi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Sci. Invent"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3241","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules18033241","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity of Extracts of Momordica Foetida Schumach. et Thonn","volume":"18","author":"Acquaviva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-15062-4_3","article-title":". Medicinal Properties of Bitter Gourd: Bioactives and Their Actions","volume-title":"The Bitter Gourd Genome","author":"Aeri","year":"2020"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ijnfs.20150401.21","article-title":"Nutritional, Pharmacological and Medicinal Properties of Momordica Charantia","volume":"4","author":"Anilakumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"B6","first-page":"1710","article-title":"Comparative Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity from Root and Fruit Extracts of Momordica Charantia L . And Momordica Dioica Roxb","volume":"4","author":"Anjamma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. S Res. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2021.02.029","article-title":"Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal and Edible Plants Used in Nhamacoa Area, Manica Province-Mozambique","volume":"139","author":"Aparicio","year":"2021","journal-title":"South Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.37287\/ijghr.v3i1.291","article-title":"The Effect of Fraction and Active Compounds of Momordica Balsamina L. On Bacteria Salmonella Typhi Causing Salmonellosis","volume":"3","author":"Aryanti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ijghr"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-15062-4_2","article-title":". Botanical Description of Bitter Gourd","volume-title":"The Bitter Gourd Genome","author":"Asna","year":"2020"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-35358-2_19","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Obesity-Related Non-communicable Chronic Diseases and Advancements in Preventive Strategies","volume-title":"Pathophysiology of Obesity-Induced Health Complications","author":"Badhwar","year":"2020"},{"key":"B11","first-page":"2189","article-title":"Nutritional and Chemical Evaluation of Momordica Charantia","volume":"4","author":"Bakare","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Plant Res."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2015.11.005","article-title":"Methods for In Vitro Evaluating Antimicrobial Activity: A Review","volume":"6","author":"Balouiri","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Anal."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2004.08.009","article-title":"Ethnomedicinal Uses of Momordica Charantia (Cucurbitaceae) in Togo and Relation to its Phytochemistry and Biological Activity","volume":"96","author":"Beloin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacology"},{"key":"B14","first-page":"37","article-title":"Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Momordica Charantia","volume":"4","author":"Birla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharma Tutor"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.2741\/3730","article-title":"Triterpenoids as Potential Agents for the Chemoprevention and Therapy of Breast Cancer","volume":"16","author":"Bishayee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2007.11.002","article-title":"Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Momordica Charantia Seed Essential Oil","volume":"79","author":"Braca","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"B17","first-page":"28","article-title":"Determination of Antibacterial, Antifungal and Cytotoxic Activities of N-Hexane, Chloroform and Ethyl Acetate Extracts of Momordica Charantia Leaves","volume":"4","author":"Bulbul","year":"2016","journal-title":"PharmaTutor"},{"key":"B18","first-page":"488","article-title":"Asian Vegetables: Selected Fruit and Leafy Types","volume-title":"Progress in New Crops","author":"Cantwell","year":"1996"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1538632","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1538632","article-title":"Antiaging of Cucurbitane Glycosides from Fruits of Momordica Charantia L","volume":"2018","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxid Med. Cel Longev"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.129","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity of Momordica Charantia Polysaccharide and its Derivatives","volume":"138","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromolecules"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1545695","article-title":"The Antigluconeogenic Activity of Cucurbitacins from Momordica Charantia","volume":"81","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.4.1088","article-title":"Bitter Melon (Momordica Charantia) Reduces Adiposity, Lowers Serum Insulin and Normalizes Glucose Tolerance in Rats Fed a High Fat Diet","volume":"133","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"B23","first-page":"2322","article-title":"Relationship between Antioxidant and Antiglycation Ability of Saponins, Polyphenols, and Polysaccharides in Chinese Herbal Medicines Used to Treat Diabetes","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Plant Res."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/41.6.605","article-title":"Bacterial Eradication by Clinafloxacin, CI-990, and Ciprofloxacin Employing MBC Test, In-Vitro Time-Kill and In-Vivo Time-Kill Studies","volume":"41","author":"Cohen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"B25","first-page":"45","article-title":"Antibacterial Activity of Momordica Charantia (Curcubitaceae) Extracts and Fractions","volume":"2","author":"Costa","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Basic Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2288","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102288","article-title":"Dietary Quercetin and Kaempferol: Bioavailability and Potential Cardiovascular-Related Bioactivity in Humans","volume":"11","author":"Dabeek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/s1875-5364(16)60002-x","article-title":"Bitter Melon: a Panacea for Inflammation and Cancer","volume":"14","author":"Dandawate","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Nat. medicines"},{"key":"B28","first-page":"214","article-title":"A Review on Phytochemical Analysis of Momordica Charantia","volume":"3","author":"Daniel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Pharm. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.4067\/S0718-58392011000200008","article-title":"Antifungal Activity of Medicinal Plant Extracts against Phytopathogenic Fungus Alternaria Spp","volume":"71","author":"Dellavalle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chilean J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"B30","first-page":"163","article-title":"Charantin: An Important Lead Compound from Momordica Charantia for the Treatment of Diabetes","volume":"3","author":"Desai","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pharmacogn Phytochem."},{"key":"B31","first-page":"1695","article-title":"Determination of Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties of Rose Extract- an In Vitro Study","volume":"8","author":"Devyani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharmacogn Phytochem. Res."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2015.06.006","article-title":"Antibacterial Activities of the Methanol Extracts of Canarium Schweinfurthii and Four Other Cameroonian Dietary Plants against Multi-Drug Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria","volume":"23","author":"Dzotam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5459862","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5459862","article-title":"Structure Characterization and Action Mechanism of an Antiaging New Compound from Gastrodia Elata Blume","volume":"2019","author":"Farooq","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell Longevity"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.5897\/ijbc2013.0637","article-title":"Ethnobotany, Indigenous Knowledge and Unconscious Preservation of the Environment: An Evaluation of Indigenous Knowledge in South and Southwest Regions of Cameroon","volume":"6","author":"Fongod","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Biodivers. Conserv."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/s0102-695x2007000100002","article-title":"Plants Traditionally Used against Malaria: Phytochemical and Pharmacological Investigation of Momordica Foetida","volume":"17","author":"Froelich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Farmacogn."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000345","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-7110.1000345","article-title":"Does Bitter Melon (Momordica Charantia) Have Antibacterial Property?","volume":"5","author":"Ghosh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Food Process. Technol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2004.03.035","article-title":"Pharmacological Actions and Potential Uses of Momordica Charantia: a Review","volume":"93","author":"Grover","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacology"},{"key":"B38","first-page":"32","article-title":"Momordica Charantia Linn. (Karela): Nature's Silent Healer","volume":"11","author":"Gupta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res."},{"key":"B39","first-page":"33","article-title":"Targeted Cancer Therapy with Bioactive Foods and Their Products","volume-title":"Functional Foods in","author":"Gupta","year":"2020"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.54.1017","article-title":"Momordica Charantia Constituents and Antidiabetic Screening of the Isolated Major Compounds","volume":"54","author":"Harinantenaina","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.3923\/pjn.2006.522.529","article-title":"Nutritional Value of Balsam Apple (Momordica Balsamina L.) Leaves","volume":"5","author":"Hassan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pak J. Nutr."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114507793947","article-title":"Bitter Melon (Momordica Charantia L.) Inhibits Adipocyte Hypertrophy and Down Regulates Lipogenic Gene Expression in Adipose Tissue of Diet-Induced Obese Rats","volume":"99","author":"Huang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.12.165","article-title":"The Antioxidant Activities In Vivo of Bitter Gourd Polysaccharide","volume":"145","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromolecules"},{"key":"B44","first-page":"4","article-title":"Isolation and Purification of Lection from Momordica Balsamina Seeds","volume":"2","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. Int. J. Contem Res."},{"key":"B45","first-page":"32","article-title":"Phytochemicals: Extraction Methods, Identification and Detection of Bioactive Compounds from Plant Extracts","volume":"6","author":"Ingle","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharmacogn Phytochem."},{"key":"B46","first-page":"25","article-title":"Biological Functions and Sensory Attributes of Different Skin Colored Bitter Melon (Momordica Charantia L.) Varieties","volume":"5","author":"Islam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Food Sci. H"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2014.06.009","article-title":"Isolation and Characterization of Potential Food Preservative Peptide from Momordica Charantia L","volume":"10","author":"Jabeen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arabian J. Chem."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18122555","article-title":"Recent Advances in Momordica Charantia: Functional Components and Biological Activities","volume":"18","author":"Jia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ijms"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytol.2016.04.007","article-title":"Cucurbitane-type Triterpenoids from the Aerial Parts of Momordica Charantia L","volume":"16","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytochemistry Lett."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/s2222-1808(13)60052-3","article-title":"Antidiabetic Effects of Momordica Charantia (Bitter Melon) and its Medicinal Potency","volume":"3","author":"Joseph","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.5.1145","article-title":"\u03b2-Sitosterol, \u03b2-Sitosterol Glucoside, and a Mixture of \u03b2-Sitosterol and \u03b2-Sitosterol Glucoside Modulate the Growth of Estrogen-Responsive Breast Cancer Cells In Vitro and in Ovariectomized Athymic Mice","volume":"134","author":"Ju","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.31142\/ijtsrd2202","article-title":"Pharmacological Applications of Isorhamnetin: A Short Review","author":"Kandakumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ijtsrd"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0189628","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189628","article-title":"Lupeol and Stigmasterol Suppress Tumor Angiogenesis and Inhibit Cholangiocarcinoma Growth in Mice via Downregulation of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha","volume":"12","author":"Kangsamaksin","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B54","first-page":"2259","article-title":"Stigmasterol: a Comprehensive Review","volume":"2","author":"Kaur","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci. Res."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58138-9","article-title":"Structural Characterization and In-Silico Analysis of Momordica Charantia 7S Globulin for Stability and ACE Inhibition","volume":"10","author":"Kesari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scientific Rep."},{"key":"B56","first-page":"1","article-title":"Study the Antimicrobial Effects of Momordica Charantia on Pathogenic Bacteria","volume":"8","author":"Khadijeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Bacteriol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.11648\/j.cbe.20210601.13","article-title":"Phenolic Profile and Biological Properties of Momordica Charantia","volume":"6","author":"Khalid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Biomol. Eng."},{"key":"B58","first-page":"831","article-title":"Protein\/polypeptide-k Obtained from Momordica Charantia and a Process for the Extraction Thereof","volume":"6","author":"Khanna","year":"2004","journal-title":"U.S. Patent"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1007\/s12161-015-0302-8","article-title":"Optimization of Pressurized Hot Water Extraction of Flavonoids from Momordica Foetida Using UHPLC-qTOF-MS and Multivariate Chemometric Approaches","volume":"9","author":"Khoza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Anal. Methods"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10101368","article-title":"Momordica Charantia Ethanol Extract Attenuates H(2)O(2)-Induced Cell Death by its Antioxidant and Anti-apoptotic Properties in Human Neuroblastoma SK-N-MC Cells","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.24616","article-title":"Antiovulatory and Abortifacient Potential of the Ethanolic Extract of Roots of Momordica Cymbalaria Fenzl in Rats","volume":"38","author":"Koneri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2006.tb00217.x","article-title":"Bitter Gourd (Momordica Charantia):A Dietary Approach to Hyperglycemia","volume":"64","author":"Krawinkel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2010.04.003","article-title":"Antimycobacterial, Antibacterial and Antifungal Activities of the Methanol Extract and Compounds from Thecacoris Annobonae (Euphorbiaceae)","volume":"76","author":"Kuete","year":"2010","journal-title":"South Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2019.1613400","article-title":"Isolation, Characterisation and Investigation of In Vitro Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Activity of Phytoconstituents from Fruit of Momordica Charantia Linn","volume":"35","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Product. Res."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-7847.65327","article-title":"Traditional Medicinal Uses and Therapeutic Benefits of Momordica Charantia Linn","volume":"4","author":"Kumar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.08.048","article-title":"Fruit Extracts of Momordica Charantia Potentiate Glucose Uptake and Up-Regulate Glut-4, PPAR\u03b3 and PI3K","volume":"126","author":"Kumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacology"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3078","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2016.1237961","article-title":"Phenolic Acid, Carotenoid Composition, and Antioxidant Activity of Bitter Melon (Momordica Charantia L.) at Different Maturation Stages","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Properties"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c06085","article-title":"Metabolite Profile of Cucurbitane-type Triterpenoids of Bitter Melon (Fruit of Momordica Charantia) and Their Inhibitory Activity against Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases Relevant to Insulin Resistance","volume":"69","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"B69","first-page":"244","article-title":"In vitro antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Momordica Charantia Leaves","volume":"2","author":"Leelaprakash","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pharmacophore"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114509992054","article-title":"Anti-diabetic and Hypoglycaemic Effects of Momordica Charantia (Bitter Melon): a Mini Review","volume":"102","author":"Leung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"B71","first-page":"1014","article-title":"[Chemical Constituents of Momordica Charantia L]","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Yao Xue Xue Bao"},{"key":"B72","first-page":"415","article-title":"Study on the Chemical Constituents of Momordica Charantia L. Leaves Andmethod for Their Quantitative Determination","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Research-tokyo"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.01.028","article-title":"Suppressive Effects of Wild Bitter Gourd (Momordica Charantia Linn. Var. Abbreviata ser.) Fruit Extracts on Inflammatory Responses in RAW 264.7 Macrophages","volume":"122","author":"Lii","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacology"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/55532","article-title":"Kuguacin J, a Triterpenoid from Momordica Charantia Linn: A Comprehensive Review of Anticarcinogenic Properties","volume":"275","author":"Limtrakul","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4804","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules14124804","article-title":"New Cucurbitane Triterpenoids and Steroidal Glycoside from Momordica charantiaThe Effect of Momordica Charantia in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus: A Review","volume":"142021","author":"Liu","year":"20092021","journal-title":"Moleculesevid Based Complement. Altern Med"},{"key":"B76","first-page":"427","article-title":"Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Activities of Different Wild Bitter Gourd Cultivars (Momordica Charantia L. Var. Abbreviata Seringe)","volume":"52","author":"Lu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bot. Stud."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.108925","article-title":"The Effects of Momordica Balsamina Methanolic Extract on Haematological Function in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats: Effects on Selected Markers","volume":"116","author":"Ludidi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.5740\/jaoacint.11-511","article-title":"Quantitative Determination of Cucurbitane-type Triterpenes and Triterpene Glycosides in Dietary Supplements Containing Bitter Melon (Momordica Charantia) by HPLC-MS\/MS","volume":"95","author":"Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"B79","first-page":"579","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Aqueous and Ethanol Extracts of Momordica Charantia L. Leaves","volume":"7","author":"Mada","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Plants Res."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650879","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/650879","article-title":"Development and Optimization of an UPLC-QTOF-MS\/MS Method Based on an In-Source Collision Induced Dissociation Approach for Comprehensive Discrimination of Chlorogenic Acids Isomers from Momordica Plant Species","volume":"2014","author":"Madala","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anal. Methods Chem."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjp.2016.03.009","article-title":"Distribution Patterns of Flavonoids from Three Momordica Species by Ultra-high Performance Liquid Chromatography Quadrupole Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry: a Metabolomic Profiling Approach","volume":"26","author":"Madala","year":"2016","journal-title":"Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58975-2_10","article-title":"Antidiabetic Property of Aloe Vera (Aloe Barbadensis) and Bitter Melon (Momordica Charantia)","author":"Malik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Aromatic Plants: Healthc. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1097545","article-title":"The Effect of Foetidin from Momordica Foetida on Blood Glucose Level of Albino Rats","volume":"31","author":"Marquis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000097","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","article-title":"Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA Statement","volume":"6","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plos Med."},{"key":"B85","first-page":"401","article-title":"Comparative Study of the Aqueous and Ethanolic Extract of Momordica Foetida on the Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Properties","volume":"21","author":"Molehin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Food Res. J."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2017.02.004","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Some Plant Extracts against Bacterial Strains Causing Food Poisoning Diseases","volume":"25","author":"Mostafa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/s0031-9422(96)00814-x","article-title":"Cucurbitane Triterpenoids from the Leaves of Momordica Foetida","volume":"45","author":"Mulholland","year":"1997","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"B88","first-page":"34","article-title":"The In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Fruit and Leaf Crude Extracts of Momordica Charantia: a Tanzania Medicinal Plant","volume":"9","author":"Mwambete","year":"2009","journal-title":"Afr. Health Sci."},{"key":"B89","first-page":"768","article-title":"Phytochemical Screening of the Bioactive Compounds in Twenty (20) Cameroonian Medicinal Plants","volume":"3","author":"Ndam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App Sci."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-10-34","article-title":"Momordica Charantia (Bitter Melon) Inhibits Primary Human Adipocyte Differentiation by Modulating Adipogenic Genes","volume":"10","author":"Nerurkar","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.25258\/phyto.v9i11.11187","article-title":"Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity Determination and Phytochemical Investigation in Selected Plants","volume":"9","author":"Nitu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharmacogn Phytochem. Res."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2009.03.006","article-title":"Physicochemical Properties and Bioactive Compounds of Selected Seed Oils","volume":"42","author":"Nyam","year":"2009","journal-title":"LWT - Food Sci. Tech."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2009-1216462","article-title":"Constituents of Momordica Foetida and Evaluation of Their Antimicrobial Activity","volume":"75","author":"Odeleye","year":"2009","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.4314\/nqjhm.v14i2.12719","article-title":"Momordica Foetida (Cucurbitacea) A Potential Laxative Granule\/Capsule","volume":"14","author":"Odusote","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nig Q. J. Hosp. Med."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4334","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.30.4334","article-title":"Studies on the Constituents of Momordica Charantia L. IV. Characterization of the New Cucurbitacin Glycosides of the Immature Fruits. (2). Structures of the Bitter Glycosides, Momordicosides K and L","volume":"30","author":"Okabe","year":"1982","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"B96","first-page":"117","article-title":"Phytochemical and Preliminary Pharmacological Investigation of the Alkaloid Obtained from Momordica Foetida","volume":"6","author":"Olaniyi","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Pharm."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7237\/sjmct\/225","article-title":"Determination of Antioxidant Potential of Momordica Foetida Leaf Extract on Tissue Homogenate","volume":"2012","author":"Oloyede","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. J. Clin. Med. Trial"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2009.09.002","article-title":"Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Antiviral Activities of Some Flavonoids","volume":"165","author":"Orhan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.5897\/AJAR11.725","article-title":"Pollinator Diversity, Behaviour and Limitation on Yield of Karela (Momordica Charantia L. Cucurbitaceae) in Western Kenya","volume":"7","author":"Oronje","year":"2012","journal-title":"Afr. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.5897\/AJB2012.2932","article-title":"Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Momordica Charantia from Turkey","volume":"12","author":"Ozusaglam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B101","first-page":"3","article-title":"Suggested Cultural Practices for Bitter Gourd","author":"Palada","year":"2003","journal-title":"AVRDC Int. Cooperators\u2019 Guide"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.30574\/gscarr.2020.2.1.0001","article-title":"Water Purification and Larvicidal Activity of Seed Extract, Momordica Charantia","volume":"2","author":"Pari","year":"2020","journal-title":"GSC Adv. Res. Rev."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-8490.65509","article-title":"Isolation, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Charantin from Momordica Charantia Linn. Fruit","volume":"2","author":"Patel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Dev. Res."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2020.02.031","article-title":"Synergistic Effect of Ultrasound and Three Phase Partitioning for the Extraction of Curcuminoids from Curcuma Longa and its Bioactivity Profile","volume":"93","author":"Patil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"B105","first-page":"57","article-title":"Antibacterial Activity of Momordica Charantia L. Gemmotherapic Extract","volume":"17","author":"Pauliuc","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scientific Bull. Ser. F Biotechnologies"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26041038","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory, Antidiabetic Properties and In Silico Modeling of Cucurbitane-type Triterpene Glycosides from Fruits of an Indian Cultivar of Momordica Charantia L","volume":"26","author":"Perera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochms.2021.100012","article-title":"Antioxidants Profile of Momordica Charantia Fruit Extract Analyzed Using LC-MS-QTOF-based Metabolomics","volume":"2","author":"Perumal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2775","DOI":"10.1016\/s0031-9422(00)97694-5","article-title":"Foetidin, an 8,9-Seco-17-Nor-Kaurane Diterpenoid from Elaeoselinum Foetidum","volume":"22","author":"Pinar","year":"1983","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1039\/p19950000583","article-title":"Constituents of Nothapodytes Foetida","volume":"1","author":"Pirillo","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.18036\/btdc.78679","article-title":"Morpho-anatomical Investigations on Momordica Charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae)","volume":"5","author":"Poyraz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anadolu Univ. J. Sci. Tech. - C. Life Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8211","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08673-9","article-title":"The Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of Six Essential Oils and Their Cyto\/genotoxicity to Human HEL 12469 Cells","volume":"7","author":"Pu\u0161k\u00e1rov\u00e1","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.4314\/ajtcam.v9i3.12","article-title":"Medicinal Plants Used for Treatment of Diabetes by the Marakh Sect of the Garo Tribe Living in Mymensingh District, Bangladesh","volume":"9","author":"Rahmatullah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Afr. J. Tradit Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2016.07.002","article-title":"Promise of Bitter Melon (Momordica Charantia) Bioactives in Cancer Prevention and Therapy","author":"Raina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2009.08.020","article-title":"New Potent P-Glycoprotein Modulators with the Cucurbitane Scaffold and Their Synergistic Interaction with Doxorubicin on Resistant Cancer Cells","volume":"17","author":"Ramalhete","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2016.08.022","article-title":"Triterpenoids from Momordica Balsamina: Reversal of ABCB1-Mediated Multidrug Resistance","volume":"24","author":"Ramalhete","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2010.09.011","article-title":"Inhibition of Efflux Pumps in Meticillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis Resistant Strains by Triterpenoids from Momordica Balsamina","volume":"37","author":"Ramalhete","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.110788","article-title":"Vegetables from the Cucurbitaceae Family and Their Products: Positive Effect on Human Health","volume":"78","author":"Rolnik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.5772\/51676","article-title":"Analytical Methods for Quantification of Drug Metabolites in Biological Samples","author":"Ro\u0161kar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chromatography\u2013The Most Versatile Method Chem. Anal."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-017-1833-x","article-title":"Effects of Karela (Bitter Melon; Momordica Charantia) on Genes of Lipids and Carbohydrates Metabolism in Experimental Hypercholesterolemia: Biochemical, Molecular and Histopathological Study","volume":"17","author":"Saad","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plgene.2020.100227","article-title":"DNA Barcoding of Momordica Species and Assessment of Adulteration in Momordica Herbal Products, an Anti-diabetic Drug","volume":"22","author":"Santhosh Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Gene"},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2011.581672","article-title":"Trypanocide, Cytotoxic, and Antifungal Activities ofMomordica Charantia","volume":"50","author":"Santos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.4314\/tjpr.v20i1.22","article-title":"Analysis of Triterpenoids, Carotenoids, and Phenylpropanoids in the Flowers, Leaves, Roots, and Stems of White Bitter Melon (Cucurbitaceae, Momordica Charantia)","volume":"20","author":"Sathasivam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins7051556","article-title":"Ribosome-inactivating and Related Proteins","volume":"7","author":"Schrot","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1590\/s1517-83822007000300001","article-title":"The Use of Standard Methodology for Determination of Antifungal Activity of Natural Products against Medical Yeasts Candida Sp and Cryptococcus Sp","volume":"38","author":"Scorzoni","year":"2007","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2015.05.029","article-title":"Kirkia Wilmsii : A Bapedi Treatment for Hypertension","volume":"100","author":"Semenya","year":"2015","journal-title":"South Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"B126","article-title":"Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Different Solvent Extracts of Medicinal Plant: Melia Azedarach L","volume":"4","author":"Sen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557514666140820113055","article-title":"Natural Products; Pharmacological Importance of Family Cucurbitaceae: a Brief Review","volume":"14","author":"Shah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mrmc"},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.21013\/jas.v10.n2.p1","article-title":"Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Methanol Extract of Momordica Balsamina","volume":"10","author":"Souda","year":"2018","journal-title":"IRA-JAS"},{"key":"B129","first-page":"3989","article-title":"Evaluation of Cucurbitane-type Triterpenoids from Momordica Balsamina on P-Glycoprotein (ABCB1) by Flow Cytometry and Real-Time Fluorometry","volume":"29","author":"Spengler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806082","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/806082","article-title":"Phytochemical, Phytotherapeutical and Pharmacological Study of Momordica Dioica","volume":"2014","author":"Talukdar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat Med."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.4314\/ajtcam.v12i3.20","article-title":"Phenolic Constituents from Sarcopyramis Nepalensis and Their \u03b1-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity","volume":"12","author":"Tan","year":"","journal-title":"Afr. J. Trad. Compl. Alt. Med."},{"key":"B133","first-page":"870","article-title":"Extraction of Steroidal Glycoside from Small-Typed Bitter Gourd (Momordica Charantia L.)","volume":"7","author":"Tan","year":"","journal-title":"J. Chem. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2008.01.013","article-title":"Antidiabetic Activities of Triterpenoids Isolated from Bitter Melon Associated with Activation of the AMPK Pathway","volume":"15","author":"Tan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1080\/15216540400009968","article-title":"The Central Role of Perilipin a in Lipid Metabolism and Adipocyte Lipolysis","volume":"56","author":"Tansey","year":"2004","journal-title":"IUBMB Life (International Union Biochem. Mol. Biol. Life)"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.2174\/138920109789542066","article-title":"Momordica Balsamina: a Medicinal and Neutraceutical Plant for Health Care Management","volume":"10","author":"Thakur","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cpb"},{"key":"B137","first-page":"308015","volume-title":"Ecological and Biological Features of Tropical Species of the Genus","author":"Tokhtar","year":"2014"},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jopr.2013.08.007","article-title":"Pilot Study: Hypoglycemic and Antiglycation Activities of Bitter Melon (Momordica Charantia L.) in Type 2 Diabetic Patients","volume":"6","author":"Trakoon-Osot","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-819483-6.00007-2","article-title":"Bitter Gourd (Momordica Charantia) as an Emerging Therapeutic Agent: Modulating Metabolic Regulation and Cell Signaling Cascade","volume":"67","author":"Venugopal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stud. Nat. Prod. Chem."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.02.017","article-title":"The In Vitro and In Vivo Antimalarial Activity of Cardiospermum Halicacabum L. And Momordica Foetida Schumch. Et Thonn","volume":"99","author":"Waako","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacology"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfda.2016.03.006","article-title":"Antifungal Activity of Momordica Charantia Seed Extracts toward the Pathogenic Fungus Fusarium Solani L","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3927","DOI":"10.1021\/jf204208y","article-title":"Structures of New Triterpenoids and Cytotoxicity Activities of the Isolated Major Compounds from the Fruit of Momordica Charantia L","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.21776\/ub.jels.2020.010.02.03","article-title":"Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia L.) and Star fruit (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) on Proinflammatory Cytokines Produced by Hyperglycemic Mice Model","volume":"10","author":"Wardani","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Life Sci."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5296\/jbls.v6i2.8084","article-title":"Composition of Water Extract from Wild Bitter Gourd (Momordica Charantia L.) Fruit for Application as Antifeedant and Mortality Test on Armyworm Larvae (Spodoptera Litura Fab.)","volume":"6","author":"Wardhani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Life Sci."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtb.2015.08.003","article-title":"The Antibacterial Activity of Selected Plants towards Resistant Bacteria Isolated from Clinical Specimens","volume":"6","author":"Wikaningtyas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s41110-016-0013-y","article-title":"Bitter Gourd (Momordica Charantia L.) Seed Oil as a Naturally Rich Source of Bioactive Compounds for Nutraceutical Purposes","volume":"41","author":"Yoshime","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrire"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-019-01336-1","article-title":"Four New Cucurbitane-type Triterpenes from Momordica Charantia L. With Their Cytotoxic Activities and Protective Effects on H2O2-Damaged Pancreatic Cells","volume":"74","author":"Yue","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1021\/jf00010a013","article-title":"Chemical Composition of Momordica Charantia L. Fruits","volume":"39","author":"Yuwai","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2021.625546\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]],"date-time":"2021-05-13T07:43:07Z","timestamp":1620891787000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2021.625546\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"references-count":147,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2021.625546"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2021.625546","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,13]]},"article-number":"625546"}}