{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T15:00:51Z","timestamp":1789138851005,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]],"date-time":"2021-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Phellodendri Chinese Cortex has long been used to treat hyperuricemia and gout. Berberine (BBR), its characteristic ingredient, has also been shown to be effective in alleviating monosodium urate crystals-triggered gout inflammation\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Dihydroberberine (DHB) is a hydrogenated derivative of BBR that showed improved\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    efficacy on many metabolic disorders. However, its anti-hyperuricemia effect remains underexplored. In the present work, the hypouricemic and renoprotective effects of DHB on hyperuricemic mice were investigated. The hyperuricemic mice model was induced by intraperitoneal injection of potassium oxonate (PO, 300\u00a0mg\/kg) combined with intragastric administration of hypoxanthine (HX, 300\u00a0mg\/kg) for 7\u00a0days. Different dosages of DHB (25, 50\u00a0mg\/kg), BBR (50\u00a0mg\/kg) or febuxostat (Feb, 5\u00a0mg\/kg) were orally given to mice 1\u00a0h after modeling. The molecular docking results showed that DHB effectively inhibited xanthine oxidase (XOD) by binding with its active site.\n                    <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    , DHB exhibited significant XOD inhibitory activity (IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    value, 34.37\u00a0\u03bcM). The\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    results showed that DHB had obvious hypouricemic and renoprotective effects in hyperuricemic mice. It could not only lower the uric acid and XOD levels in serum, but also suppress the activities of XOD and adenosine deaminase (ADA) in the liver. Furthermore, DHB noticeably down-regulated the renal mRNA and protein expression of XOD. Besides, DHB remarkably and dose-dependently ameliorated renal damage, as evidenced by considerably reducing serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, inflammatory cytokine (TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6 and IL-18) levels and restoring kidney histological deteriorations. Further mechanistic investigation showed that DHB distinctly down-regulated renal mRNA and protein levels of URAT1, GLUT9, NOD-like receptor 3 (NLRP3), apoptosis-associated speck-like (ASC), caspase-1 and IL-1\u03b2. Our study revealed that DHB had outstanding hypouricemic and renoprotective effects via suppressing XOD, URAT1, GLUT9 and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the kidney.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.645879","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]],"date-time":"2021-04-20T04:24:16Z","timestamp":1618892656000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Anti-Hyperuricemic and Nephroprotective Effects of Dihydroberberine in Potassium Oxonate- and Hypoxanthine-Induced Hyperuricemic Mice"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Lieqiang","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoshu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuxia","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiaoping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liting","family":"Mai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juanjuan","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhui","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziren","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yucui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201545798","article-title":"Transmembrane TNF-\u03b1 is sufficient for articular inflammation and hypernociception in a mouse model of gout","volume":"46","author":"Amaral","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. 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