{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T16:32:30Z","timestamp":1776097950457,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]],"date-time":"2021-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Persistent traces of drug reward memories contribute to intense craving and often trigger relapse. A number of pharmacological interventions on drug-associated memories have shown significant benefits in relapse prevention at a preclinical level but their translational potential is limited due to deleterious side effects. Propranolol, a non-specific \u03b2-adrenergic receptors antagonist, is known for its ability to erase maladaptive memories associated with nicotine or cocaine in rodents and humans. However, little is known about its effect on reconsolidation of heroin memory and heroin seeking. In the present study, rats with a history of intravenous heroin self-administration received the propranolol treatment (10\u00a0mg\/kg; i.p.) at different time windows with or without CS (conditioned stimulus) exposure. Our results showed that propranolol, when administered immediately after CS exposure but not 6\u00a0h later, can significantly attenuate cue-induced and drug-primed reinstatement of heroin seeking, suggesting that propranolol has the ability to disrupt heroin memory and reduce relapse. The propranolol treatment without retrieval of drug memory had no effect on subsequent reinstatement of heroin seeking, suggesting that its interfering effects are retrieval-dependent. Importantly, the effects of propranolol were long lasting as rats showed diminished drug seeking even 28\u00a0days after the treatment. Altogether, our study suggests that propranolol can interfere with reconsolidation of heroin memory and reduce subsequent drug seeking, making it an attractive therapeutic candidate for the treatment of opioid addiction and relapse prevention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.686845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]],"date-time":"2021-05-25T07:44:35Z","timestamp":1621928675000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Blockade of \u03b2-Adrenergic Receptors by Propranolol Disrupts Reconsolidation of Drug Memory and Attenuates Heroin Seeking"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Liangpei","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shihao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feilong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiuyao","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"He","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yixiao","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Galaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.07.004","article-title":"Basolateral amygdala neurons facilitate reward-seeking behavior by exciting nucleus accumbens neurons","volume":"59","author":"Ambroggi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/s0091-3057(84)80037-4","article-title":"Conditioned place preference with morphine: the effect of extinction training on the reinforcing CR","volume":"21","author":"Bardo","year":"1984","journal-title":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(86)90092-4","article-title":"Single-trial conditioned place preference using intravenous morphine","volume":"25","author":"Bardo","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wnr.0000233098.20655.26","article-title":"Postretrieval propranolol disrupts a cocaine conditioned place preference","volume":"17","author":"Bernardi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1007\/s007020170050","article-title":"Neurobiology of an addiction memory","volume":"108","author":"Boening","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Neural Transmission"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2015.04.007","article-title":"Reconsolidation and the regulation of plasticity: moving beyond memory","volume":"38","author":"Bonin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends in neurosciences"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12366","article-title":"Cannabidiol disrupts the reconsolidation of contextual drug\u2010associated memories in Wistar rats","author":"Carvalho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addiction Biology"},{"key":"B8","first-page":"25","article-title":"Classically conditioned responses in opioid and cocaine dependence: a role in relapse?","volume":"84","author":"Childress","year":"1988","journal-title":"NIDA Res Monogr"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/s0193-953x(18)30603-8","article-title":"Role of conditioning factors in the development of drug dependence","volume":"9","author":"Childress","year":"1986","journal-title":"Psychiatric Clinics of North America"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1644-y","article-title":"The microbiota regulate neuronal function and fear extinction learning","volume":"574","author":"Chu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03000316","article-title":"Role of conditioned reinforcers in the initiation, maintenance and extinction of drug-seeking behavior","volume":"11","author":"Davis","year":"1976","journal-title":"Pavlov J Biol Sci."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12366","article-title":"Cannabidiol disrupts the reconsolidation of contextual drug-associated memories in Wistar rats","volume":"22","author":"De Carvalho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addiction Biology"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-01023-w","article-title":"Propranolol-induced inhibition of unconditioned stimulus-reactivated fear memory prevents the return of fear in humans","volume":"10","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Translational psychiatry"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2004.06.005","article-title":"Conditioned reinforcing properties of stimuli paired with self-administered cocaine, heroin or sucrose: implications for the persistence of addictive behaviour","volume":"47","author":"Di Ciano","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2006.02.014","article-title":"\u03b2-adrenoceptor mediated inhibition of long-term reward-related memory reconsolidation","volume":"170","author":"Diergaarde","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.173911","article-title":"Exogenous SO 2 donor treatment impairs reconsolidation of drug reward memory in mice","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"European Journal of Pharmacology"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00176481","article-title":"Opiate reinforcement and naloxone aversion, as revealed by place preference paradigm, in two strains of rats","volume":"92","author":"Dymshitz","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.1054608","article-title":"Post-retrieval -adrenergic receptor blockade: Effects on extinction and reconsolidation of cocaine-cue memories","volume":"15","author":"Fricks-Gleason","year":"2008","journal-title":"Learning & Memory"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2009.06888.x","article-title":"Basolateral amygdala involvement in memory reconsolidation processes that facilitate drug context-induced cocaine seeking","volume":"30","author":"Fuchs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/elife.57010","article-title":"Noradrenergic projections from the locus coeruleus to the amygdala constrain fear memory reconsolidation","volume":"9","author":"Haubrich","year":"2020","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.8.1414","article-title":"Addiction: a disease of learning and memory","volume":"162","author":"Hyman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ajp"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14188","article-title":"From circuits to behaviour in the amygdala","volume":"517","author":"Janak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10010","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.0934-14.2014","article-title":"eIF2 Dephosphorylation in Basolateral Amygdala Mediates Reconsolidation of Drug Memory","volume":"34","author":"Jian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.09.016","article-title":"Memory and Addiction","volume":"44","author":"Kelley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2009.05.002","article-title":"Reconsolidation: maintaining memory relevance","volume":"32","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.08.007","article-title":"Disrupting reconsolidation of drug memories reduces cocaine-seeking behavior","volume":"47","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5335.45","article-title":"Addiction is a brain disease, and it matters","volume":"278","author":"Leshner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145713001156","article-title":"Rapamycin prevents drug seeking via disrupting reconsolidation of reward memory in rats","volume":"17","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1383","article-title":"Central amygdala ERK signaling pathway is critical to incubation of cocaine craving","volume":"8","author":"Lu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7675","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8675","article-title":"A novel UCS memory retrieval-extinction procedure to inhibit relapse to drug seeking","volume":"6","author":"Luo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature communications"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"pyv030","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyv030","article-title":"NAc Shell Arc\/Arg3.1 Protein Mediates Reconsolidation of Morphine CPP by Increased GluR1 Cell Surface Expression: Activation of ERK-Coupled CREB is Required","volume":"18","author":"Lv","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130050269","article-title":"Reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior produced by heroin-predictive environmental stimuli","volume":"131","author":"Mcfarland","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4000727","article-title":"\u03bc-Opioid receptor and \u03b12-adrenoceptor agonist stimulation of [35S]GTP\u03b3S binding to G-proteins in postmortem brains of opioid addicts","volume":"5","author":"Meana","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2005.08.006","article-title":"Molecular Substrates for Retrieval and Reconsolidation of Cocaine-Associated Contextual Memory","volume":"47","author":"Miller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8230","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.1723-08.2008","article-title":"Intra-amygdala and systemic antagonism of NMDA receptors prevents the reconsolidation of drug-associated memory and impairs subsequently both novel and previously acquired drug-seeking behaviors","volume":"28","author":"Milton","year":"","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.825008","article-title":"Reconsolidation of appetitive memories for both natural and drug reinforcement is dependent on -adrenergic receptors","volume":"15","author":"Milton","year":"","journal-title":"Learning & Memory"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1037\/h0077778","article-title":"Conditioned increases in locomotor activity produced with morphine as an unconditioned stimulus, and the relation of conditioning to acute morphine effect and tolerance","volume":"95","author":"Mucha","year":"1981","journal-title":"Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1992.tb25984.x","article-title":"Classical conditioning in drug-dependent humans","volume":"654","author":"O'brien","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.3463-12.2013","article-title":"Neurobiological dissociation of retrieval and reconsolidation of cocaine-associated memory","volume":"33","author":"Otis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.77","article-title":"Inhibition of \u03b2-Adrenergic Receptors Induces a Persistent Deficit in Retrieval of a Cocaine-Associated Memory Providing Protection against Reinstatement","volume":"36","author":"Otis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2017.90","article-title":"Reversal of Cocaine-Associated Synaptic Plasticity in Medial Prefrontal Cortex Parallels Elimination of Memory Retrieval","volume":"42","author":"Otis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"B41","first-page":"793","article-title":"Noradrenergic regulation of fear and drug-associated memory reconsolidation","volume-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol","author":"Otis","year":"2015"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1172\/jci110844","article-title":"Transport of Propranolol and Lidocaine through the Rat Blood-Brain Barrier. PRIMARY ROLE OF GLOBULIN-BOUND DRUG","volume":"71","author":"Pardridge","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-014-3517-2","article-title":"Drug abstinence: Exploring animal models and behavioral treatment strategies","author":"Peck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1433-7","article-title":"Memory editing from science fiction to clinical practice","volume":"572","author":"Phelps","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6623","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.19-15-06623.1999","article-title":"Attenuation of Emotional and Nonemotional Memories after their Reactivation: Role of \u03b2 Adrenergic Receptors","volume":"19","author":"Przybyslawski","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2011.00042","article-title":"The Effect of Propranolol and Midazolam on the Reconsolidation of a Morphine Place Preference in Chronically Treated Rats","volume":"5","author":"Robinson","year":"","journal-title":"Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2011.00042","article-title":"The effect of propranolol and midazolam on the reconsolidation of a morphine place preference in chronically treated rats","volume":"5","author":"Robinson","year":"","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-013-3039-3","article-title":"A double blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of post-retrieval propranolol on reconsolidation of memory for craving and cue reactivity in cocaine dependent humans","volume":"226","author":"Saladin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4401","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.3149-09.2010","article-title":"Reconsolidation of a cocaine-associated stimulus requires amygdalar protein kinase A","volume":"30","author":"Sanchez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2006.00012.x","article-title":"Behavioural assessment of drug reinforcement and addictive features in rodents: an overview","volume":"11","author":"Sanchis-Segura","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addiction biology"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(83)90118-2","article-title":"Isolation versus grouped housing in rats: differential effects of low doses of heroin in the place preference paradigm","volume":"32","author":"Schenk","year":"1983","journal-title":"Life Sciences"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-002-1157-4","article-title":"Second-order schedules of drug self-administration in animals","volume":"163","author":"Schindler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.3109\/10826086809042897","article-title":"The conditioned reinforcing effects of stimuli associated with morphine reinforcement","volume":"3","author":"Schuster","year":"1968","journal-title":"International Journal of the Addictions"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.10.028","article-title":"Neural signature of reconsolidation impairments by propranolol in humans","volume":"71","author":"Schwabe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biological psychiatry"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00476","article-title":"Berberine Facilitates Extinction of Drug-Associated Behavior and Inhibits Reinstatement of Drug Seeking","volume":"11","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Pharmacology"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1037\/h0077058","article-title":"Evidence from rats that morphine tolerance is a learned response","volume":"89","author":"Siegel","year":"1975","journal-title":"Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2014.12.029","article-title":"Anisomycin in the medial prefrontal cortex reduces reconsolidation of cocaine-associated memories in the rat self-administration model","volume":"92","author":"Sorg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pa.18.040178.001525","article-title":"Drug self-administration by laboratory animals: control by schedules of reinforcement","volume":"18","author":"Spealman","year":"1978","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2008.07.027","article-title":"Targeting extinction and reconsolidation mechanisms to combat the impact of drug cues on addiction","volume":"56","author":"Taylor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2011.02.014","article-title":"Aberrant learning and memory in addiction","volume":"96","author":"Torregrossa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Learning and Memory"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2007.00070.x","article-title":"Measuring reward with the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm: update of the last decade","volume":"12","author":"Tzschentke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Addiction biology"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmra1511480","article-title":"Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction","volume":"374","author":"Volkow","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2012.238","article-title":"Extracellular signal-regulated kinase in the basolateral amygdala, but not the nucleus accumbens core, is critical for context-response-cocaine memory reconsolidation in rats","volume":"38","author":"Wells","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.2273111","article-title":"Interaction between the basolateral amygdala and dorsal hippocampus is critical for cocaine memory reconsolidation and subsequent drug context-induced cocaine-seeking behavior in rats","volume":"18","author":"Wells","year":"2011","journal-title":"Learning & Memory"},{"key":"B65","volume-title":"Adrenergic agonists and antagonists.","author":"Westfall","year":"2006"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1369-1600.2012.00443.x","article-title":"Differential effect of beta-adrenergic receptor antagonism in basolateral amygdala on reconsolidation of aversive and appetitive memories associated with morphine in rats","volume":"19","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.04.017","article-title":"Selective Inhibition of Amygdala Neuronal Ensembles Encoding Nicotine-Associated Memories Inhibits Nicotine Preference and Relapse","volume":"82","author":"Xue","year":"","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.3907","article-title":"Effect of Selective Inhibition of Reactivated Nicotine-Associated Memories With Propranolol on Nicotine Craving","volume":"74","author":"Xue","year":"","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1215070","article-title":"A memory retrieval-extinction procedure to prevent drug craving and relapse","volume":"336","author":"Xue","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4443","article-title":"Direct dorsal hippocampal-prelimbic cortex connections strengthen fear memories","volume":"20","author":"Ye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.03.025","article-title":"Effects of \u03b2-adrenergic receptor blockade on drug-related memory reconsolidation in abstinent heroin addicts","volume":"118","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2021.686845\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]],"date-time":"2021-05-25T07:44:39Z","timestamp":1621928679000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2021.686845\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]]},"references-count":72,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2021.686845"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2021.686845","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]]},"article-number":"686845"}}