{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T18:40:06Z","timestamp":1783104006695,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bromochlorophene (BCP) has shown good properties in sterilization and antibacterial activity and is widely used as a household chemical. We evaluated the genotoxicity, single and repeated-dose 28-day oral toxicity, and dermal application of a BCP suspension in Sprague\u2013Dawley (SD) rats. For the single-dose toxicity study, a dose of 25\u20131,000\u00a0mg per kg of bodyweight (mg\/kg b.w.) of BCP was given once orally to SD rats. Mortality and clinical signs were observed and recorded for the first 30\u00a0min after treatment, at 4\u00a0h post-administration, and then at least once daily for 14\u00a0days after administration. For the repeated-dose 28-day toxicity study, the high dose was set at 1,000\u00a0mg\/kg b.w. and the middle, middle-low, and low dose were set to 500, 250, and 125\u00a0mg\/kg, respectively. Hematology and biochemistry parameters were examined. Gross pathologic and histopathologic examinations were performed on selected tissues from all animals. A bacterial reverse mutation assay, <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> chromosomal aberration assay, and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> micronucleus assay were performed to assess genotoxicity-dermal application exposure assessment of BCP in rats. A high oral approximate lethal dose (ALD) of 1,000\u00a0mg\/kg was observed in the single-dose toxicity test. During the repeated-dose 28-day time period, most animal deaths after administration occurred during the first 3\u00a0weeks. The 1,000\u00a0mg\/kg b.w. oral dose caused the death of six male rats (6\/7) and four female rats (4\/7). At 500\u00a0mg\/kg b.w., the female rats showed mortality (1\/7). For the biochemistry assays, cholesterol was increased significantly compared to vehicle in both sexes in the 250 and 500\u00a0mg\/kg groups. Histopathological changes with treatment-related findings were observed in the pancreas in female rats treated with a high dose of BCP compared with the vehicle group. BCP showed no genotoxic effect. These data suggested that the ALD of BCP, estimated as a non-genotoxic substance, was over 1,000\u00a0mg\/kg b.w. in the single-dose toxicity study, and the NOAEL of BCP was considered to be 250\u00a0mg\/kg b.w. for male and female rats after repeated oral administration for 28\u00a0days under the present study conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.690141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T09:51:08Z","timestamp":1626256268000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Toxicological Assessment of Bromochlorophene: Single and Repeated-Dose 28-Day Oral Toxicity, Genotoxicity, and Dermal Application in Sprague\u2013Dawley Rats"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Hansol","family":"Won","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Da Hye","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyo-Sook","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin Hee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong Pyo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun-Young","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kikyung","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayoung","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae Ho","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2015.00239","article-title":"The Use of the Comet Assay for the Evaluation of the Genotoxicity of Nanomaterials","volume":"6","author":"Azqueta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. 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