{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T10:47:29Z","timestamp":1772189249951,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014857","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China-Guangdong Joint Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81772699"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81772699"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014857","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background and Purpose:<\/jats:bold> Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a common chronic neurological disease that is often invulnerable to anti-epileptic drugs. Increasing data have demonstrated that acetylcholine (ACh) and cholinergic neurotransmission are involved in the pathophysiology of epilepsy. Cytisine, a full agonist of \u03b17 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (\u03b17nAChRs) and a partial agonist of \u03b14\u03b22nAChRs, has been widely applied for smoking cessation and has shown neuroprotection in neurological diseases. However, whether cytisine plays a role in treating TLE has not yet been determined.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Experimental Approach:<\/jats:bold> In this study, cytisine was injected intraperitoneally into pilocarpine-induced epileptic rats for three weeks. Alpha-bungarotoxin (\u03b1-bgt), a specific \u03b17nAChR antagonist, was used to evaluate the mechanism of action of cytisine. Rats were assayed for the occurrence of seizures and cognitive function by video surveillance and Morris water maze. Hippocampal injuries and synaptic structure were assessed by Nissl staining and Golgi staining. Furthermore, levels of glutamate, \u03b3-aminobutyric acid (GABA), ACh, and \u03b17nAChRs were measured.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results: <\/jats:bold>Cytisine significantly reduced seizures and hippocampal damage while improving cognition and inhibiting synaptic remodeling in TLE rats. Additionally, cytisine decreased glutamate levels without altering GABA levels, and increased ACh levels and \u03b17nAChR expression in the hippocampi of TLE rats. \u03b1-bgt antagonized the above-mentioned effects of cytisine treatment.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion and Implications:<\/jats:bold> Taken together, these findings indicate that cytisine exerted an anti-epileptic and neuroprotective effect in TLE rats via activation of \u03b17nAChRs, which was associated with a decrease in glutamate levels, inhibition of synaptic remodeling, and improvement of cholinergic transmission in the hippocampus. Hence, our findings not only suggest that cytisine represents a promising anti-epileptic drug, but provides evidence of \u03b17nAChRs as a novel therapeutic target for TLE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.706225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]],"date-time":"2021-06-24T04:21:41Z","timestamp":1624508501000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Cytisine Exerts an Anti-Epileptic Effect via \u03b17nAChRs in a Rat Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jing-jun","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teng-yue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong-tao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ze-xin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing-mei","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing-xian","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jia-gui","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin-wen","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ji-qiang","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shu-qiao","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei-dong","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"De-feng","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2008.05.013","article-title":"In Vivo modulation of Dopaminergic Nigrostriatal Pathways by Cytisine Derivatives: Implications for Parkinson's Disease","volume":"589","author":"Abin-Carriquiry","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. 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