{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T18:39:37Z","timestamp":1789324777744,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]],"date-time":"2021-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Purpose:<\/jats:bold>To evaluate the effect of a topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (0.1% pranoprofen) on the expression of VEGF and Cox-2 in primary pterygium.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>This was a prospective, randomized study. Between January 2019 and April 2020, 120 patients diagnosed with primary pterygium were enrolled and randomly divided into three groups before operation: 1) 40 patients in group 1 received topical pranoprofen 0.1% four times daily for 4\u00a0weeks, 2) 40 patients in group 2 received topical fluorometholone 0.1% four times daily for 4\u00a0weeks, and 3) patients in group 3 did not receive treatment. For each group, the age, sex, eye type, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), duration of onset, combined systemic diseases, and the results regarding vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and cyclo-oxygen-ase-2 (COX-2) in postoperative pterygial tissues were evaluated in detail.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>There were no significant differences regarding age, sex, eye type, combined systemic diseases, duration of onset, IOP, and BCVA within the three groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&amp;gt; 0.05). The reduction of VEGF and CoX-2 expression of pterygial vascular endothelial cells in group 1 were statistically significant compared to group 2 and group 3 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.05). There were significant correlations between COX-2 and VEGF expression of pterygial tissues within the three groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>The present findings suggested that the topical pranoprofen 0.1% could reduce the expression of VEGF and COX-2 in primary pterygium. We confirmed that treatment with pranoprofen offers advantages in early intervention and has therapeutic potential in reducing the postoperative recurrence of primary pterygium patients.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Clinical Trial registration<\/jats:bold>: The study was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry. (<jats:ext-link>http:\/\/www.chictr.org.cn\/index.aspx<\/jats:ext-link>, Registration Number: ChiCTR2100047726).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.709251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]],"date-time":"2021-07-09T04:18:01Z","timestamp":1625804281000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effect of a Topical Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (0.1% Pranoprofen) on VEGF and COX-2 Expression in Primary Pterygium"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Bangtao","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaogui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhua","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1177\/112067210701700602","article-title":"Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in Primary and Recurrent Pterygium","volume":"17","author":"Adiguzel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2006.108","article-title":"Topical Pranoprofen 0.1% Is as Effective Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Agent as Diclofenac Sodium 0.1% after Strabismus Surgery","volume":"23","author":"Akyol-Salman","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-015-3215-8","article-title":"Effect of a Topical Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Agent (0.1 % Pranoprofen) on Acute central Serous Chorioretinopathy","volume":"254","author":"An","year":"2016","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20140048","article-title":"Clinical Efficacy of 0.1% Pranoprofen in Treatment of Dry Eye Patients: a Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"127","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J. (Engl)"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2010.10.037","article-title":"Ophthalmic Pterygium","volume":"178","author":"Chui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.07.004","article-title":"Conjunctival Autograft versus Amniotic Membrane Transplantation for Treatment of Pterygium: Findings from a Cochrane Systematic Review","volume":"182","author":"Clearfield","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm_00000149","article-title":"Pathogenetic Mechanisms and Treatment Options for Ophthalmic Pterygium: Trends and Perspectives (Review)","volume":"23","author":"Detorakis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s00418-012-1019-z","article-title":"Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C in Human Pterygium","volume":"139","author":"Fukuhara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Histochem. Cel Biol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1615\/jenvironpatholtoxicoloncol.2016015704","article-title":"Chemoprevention of Colon Cancer through Inhibition of Angiogenesis and Induction of Apoptosis by Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs","volume":"35","author":"Ghanghas","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol."},{"key":"B10","first-page":"2019","article-title":"Low-Dose Mitomycin C Decreases the Postoperative Recurrence Rate of Pterygium by Perturbing NLRP3 Inflammatory Signalling Pathway and Suppressing the Expression of Inflammatory Factors","volume":"15","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2015.08.023","article-title":"Prevention of Recurrent Pterygium with Topical Bevacizumab 0.05% Eye Drops: a Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"37","author":"Kasetsuwan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.132.6.1177","article-title":"Cooperative Effect of TNFalpha, bFGF, and VEGF on the Formation of Tubular Structures of Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells in a Fibrin Matrix. Role of Urokinase Activity","volume":"132","author":"Koolwijk","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Cel Biol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1097\/ico.0b013e318265684b","article-title":"Comparative Evaluation of Topical Pranoprofen and Fluorometholone in Cases with Chronic Allergic Conjunctivitis","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12491","article-title":"Glucocorticoids Suppress Hypoxia-Induced COX-2 and Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1\u03b1 Expression through the Induction of Glucocorticoid-Induced Leucine Zipper","volume":"171","author":"Lim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105630","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.22351","article-title":"Relationship between Expression of Cyclooxygenase 2 and Neovascularization in Human Pterygia","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"B16","first-page":"917","article-title":"Elevated Blood\/lymphatic Vessel Ratio in Pterygium and its Relationship with Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Distribution","volume":"34","author":"Mart\u00edn-L\u00f3pez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2018.05.13","article-title":"Effect of Single Subconjunctival Injection of Bevacizumab on Primary Pterygium: Clinical, Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Study","volume":"11","author":"Mohamed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12140","article-title":"Randomized, Controlled Trial of Conjunctival Autografting Combined with Subconjunctival Bevacizumab for Primary Pterygium Treatment: 1-year Follow-Up","volume":"42","author":"Nava-Casta\u00f1eda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481843","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/481843","article-title":"Effect of Fluorometholone\/tetrahydrozoline Fixed Combination on Conjunctival Autograft Morphology after Primary Pterygium Excision","volume":"2013","author":"Ozgurhan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2272","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.mct-08-0182","article-title":"Differential Response of Primary Tumor versus Lymphatic Metastasis to VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 Kinase Inhibitors Cediranib and Vandetanib","volume":"7","author":"Padera","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3909","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-1527","article-title":"Differential Suppression of Vascular Permeability and Corneal Angiogenesis by Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs","volume":"49","author":"Pakneshan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B22","first-page":"3468","article-title":"Cyclooxygenase-2-expressing Macrophages in Human Pterygium Co-express Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor","volume":"17","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12491","article-title":"Glucocorticoid Therapy Increases COX-2 Gene Expression in Nasal Polyps In Vivo","volume":"33","author":"Pujols","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1097\/icl.0000000000000004","article-title":"Efficacy of Intralesional Bevacizumab Administration in Primary Pterygium","volume":"40","author":"Sarac","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13871","article-title":"Treatment of Exudative Age\u2010related Macular Degeneration with Aflibercept Combined with Pranoprofen Eye Drops or Nutraceutical Support with omega\u20103: A Randomized Trial","volume":"85","author":"Semeraro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2019.04.002","article-title":"Diabetic Retinopathy, a Vascular and Inflammatory Disease: Therapeutic Implications","volume":"45","author":"Semeraro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1097\/ico.0000000000000309","article-title":"Topical NSAIDs Effect on Corneal Sensitivity","volume":"34","author":"Singer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.171508","article-title":"A Randomized Controlled Prospective Study to Assess the Role of Subconjunctival Bevacizumab in Primary Pterygium Surgery in Indian Patients","volume":"63","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32083","article-title":"Long\u2010term Use of Low\u2010dose Aspirin for Cancer Prevention: A 10\u2010year Population Cohort Study in Hong Kong","volume":"145","author":"Tsoi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"B30","first-page":"9416262","article-title":"Pterygium Pathology: A Prospective Case-Control Study on Tear Film Cytokine Levels","volume":"12","author":"Van Acker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.06.090","article-title":"Overexpression of Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptors Stimulated by Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Fibroblasts from Pterygium","volume":"93","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2011.101","article-title":"NSAIDs Inhibit Neovascularization of Choroid through HO-1-dependent Pathway","volume":"91","author":"Yoshinaga","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lab. Invest."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7474086","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7474086","article-title":"Effect of a Topical Combination of Latanoprost and Pranoprofen on Intraocular Pressure and the Ocular Surface in Open-Angle Glaucoma Patients","volume":"2018","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmol."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.743733","type":"corrigendum","label":"Corrigendum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]],"date-time":"2021-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628812800000}}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2021.709251\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T19:20:37Z","timestamp":1725391237000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2021.709251\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2021.709251"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2021.709251","relation":{"corrigendum":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.743733","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]]},"article-number":"709251"}}