{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:14:44Z","timestamp":1753892084993,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]],"date-time":"2021-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients with cardiovascular and metabolic disorders have been found to have a high risk of developing severe conditions with high mortality, further affecting the prognosis of COVID-19. However, the effect of hypertension and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) agents on the clinical characteristics and inflammatory immune responses in COVID-19 patients is still undefined. In this study, 90 COVID-19 patients were divided into hypertension and nonhypertension groups. The hypertension group was divided into well-controlled and poorly controlled subgroups based on blood pressure levels; moreover, hypertensive patients were also divided into ACEI\/ARB and non-ACEI\/ARB subgroups according to the administration of ACEI\/ARB antihypertensive agents. The clinical characteristics of and inflammatory immune biomarker levels in the different groups of COVID-19 patients were compared, and the association between the combined effect of hypertension with ACEI\/ARB antihypertensive agents and the severity of COVID-19 was examined. The results showed that the levels of aminotransferase (AST) and hs-cTnI were higher in the hypertension group compared with the nonhypertension group. The long-term use of ACEI\/ARB agents in patients had statistically significantly lower AST, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and oxygen uptake and lower white cell count, neutrophil count, and levels of CD4, CD8, CRP, and PCT but without statistical significance. In addition, compared with COVID-19 patients without hypertension, hypertensive patients without the use of ACEI\/ARB had a higher risk of developing severity of COVID-19 (for poorly controlled patients: OR = 3.97, 95% CI = 1.03\u201315.30; for well-controlled patients: OR = 6.48, 95% CI = 1.77\u201323.81). Hypertension could cause organ damage in COVID-19 patients, but the long-term use of ACEI\/ARB agents may be beneficial to alleviate this injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.721769","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]],"date-time":"2021-10-25T05:20:40Z","timestamp":1635139240000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Clinical Characteristics and Inflammatory Immune Responses in COVID-19 Patients With Hypertension: A Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Chaoran","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guangbo","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiyu","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dandan","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baolong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyun","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changhui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.118.017129","article-title":"Novel Therapeutic Approaches Targeting the Renin-Angiotensin System and Associated Peptides in Hypertension and Heart Failure","volume":"71","author":"Arendse","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. 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