{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T03:11:07Z","timestamp":1788491467047,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,24]],"date-time":"2021-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640304000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Samar Cobra, <jats:italic>Naja samarensis<\/jats:italic>, is endemic to the southern Philippines and is a WHO-listed Category 1 venomous snake species of medical importance. Envenomation caused by <jats:italic>N. samarensis<\/jats:italic> results in neurotoxicity, while there is no species-specific antivenom available for its treatment. The composition and neutralization of <jats:italic>N. samarensis<\/jats:italic> venom remain largely unknown to date. This study thus aimed to investigate the venom proteome of <jats:italic>N. samarensis<\/jats:italic> for a comprehensive profiling of the venom composition, and to examine the immunorecognition as well as neutralization of its toxins by a hetero-specific antivenom. Applying C<jats:sub>18<\/jats:sub> reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS\/MS), three-finger toxins (3FTx) were shown to dominate the venom proteome by 90.48% of total venom proteins. Other proteins in the venom comprised snake venom metalloproteinases, phospholipases A<jats:sub>2,<\/jats:sub> cysteine-rich secretory proteins, venom nerve growth factors, L-amino acid oxidases and vespryn, which were present at much lower abundances. Among all, short-chain alpha-neurotoxins (S\u03b1NTX) were the most highly expressed toxin within 3FTx family, constituting 65.87% of the total venom proteins. The S\u03b1NTX is the sole neurotoxic component of the venom and has an intravenous median lethal dose (LD<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>) of 0.18\u00a0\u03bcg\/g in mice. The high abundance and low LD<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> support the potent lethal activity of <jats:italic>N. samarensis<\/jats:italic> venom. The hetero-specific antivenom, Philippine Cobra Antivenom (PCAV, raised against <jats:italic>Naja philippinensis<\/jats:italic>) were immunoreactive toward the venom and its protein fractions, including the principal S\u03b1NTX. In efficacy study, PCAV was able to cross-neutralize the lethality of S\u03b1NTX albeit the effect was weak with a low potency of 0.20\u00a0mg\/ml (defined as the amount of toxin completely neutralized per milliliter of the antivenom). With a volume of 5\u00a0ml, each vial of PCAV may cross-neutralize approximately 1\u00a0mg of the toxin <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. The findings support the potential para-specific use of PCAV in treating envenomation caused by <jats:italic>N. samarensis<\/jats:italic> while underscoring the need to improve the potency of its neutralization activity, especially against the highly lethal alpha-neurotoxins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.727756","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,24]],"date-time":"2021-12-24T09:34:18Z","timestamp":1640338458000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Snake Venom Proteomics of Samar Cobra (Naja samarensis) from the Southern Philippines: Short Alpha-Neurotoxins as the Dominant Lethal Component Weakly Cross-Neutralized by the Philippine Cobra Antivenom"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Praneetha","family":"Palasuberniam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi Wei","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kae Yi","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Choo Hock","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Samar Cobra2015"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2013.01.019","article-title":"Alpha Neurotoxins","volume":"66","author":"Barber","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2009.0048","article-title":"Coevolution of Diet and Prey-specific Venom Activity Supports the Role of Selection in Snake Venom Evolution","volume":"276","author":"Barlow","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. 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