{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T12:58:44Z","timestamp":1791377924951,"version":"4.3.2"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Currently, viral infection is the most serious health issue which causing unexpected higher rate of death globally. Many viruses are not yet curable, such as corona virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis virus, human papilloma virus and so others. Furthermore, the toxicities and ineffective responses to resistant strains of synthetic antiviral drugs have reinforced the search of effective and alternative treatment options, such as plant-derived antiviral drug molecules. Therefore, in the present review, an attempt has been taken to summarize the medicinal plants reported for exhibiting antiviral activities available in Bangladesh along with discussing the mechanistic insights into their bioactive components against three most hazardous viruses, namely SARS-CoV-2, HIV, and HBV. The review covers 46 medicinal plants with antiviral activity from 25 families. Among the reported 79 bioactive compounds having antiviral activities isolated from these plants, about 37 of them have been reported for significant activities against varieties of viruses. Hesperidin, apigenin, luteolin, seselin, 6-gingerol, humulene epoxide, quercetin, kaempferol, curcumin, and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) have been reported to inhibit multiple molecular targets of SARS-CoV-2 viral replication in a number of\n                    <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic>\n                    investigations. Besides, numerous\n                    <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    bioassays have been demonstrated that EGCG, anolignan-A, and B, ajoene, curcumin, and oleanolic acid exhibit anti-HIV activity while piperine, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, (+)-cycloolivil-4\u2032-O-\u03b2-d-glucopyranoside, quercetin, EGCG, kaempferol, aloin, apigenin, rosmarinic acid, andrographolide, and hesperidin possess anti-HBV activity. Thus, the antiviral medicinal plants and the isolated bioactive compounds may be considered for further advanced investigations with the aim of the development of effective and affordable antiviral drugs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.732891","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T00:48:30Z","timestamp":1636332510000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["A Review of Medicinal Plants with Antiviral Activity Available in Bangladesh and Mechanistic Insight Into Their Bioactive Metabolites on SARS-CoV-2, HIV and HBV"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sitesh C.","family":"Bachar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kishor","family":"Mazumder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ritesh","family":"Bachar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asma","family":"Aktar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamun","family":"Al Mahtab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"PF7","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1234649","article-title":"In Vitro study of the Antiviral Activity of Zingiber Officinale","volume":"75","author":"Abd El-Wahab","year":"2009","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.22207\/jpam.13.1.50","article-title":"Antiviral Activity of Mangifera Extract on Influenza Virus Cultivated in Different Cell Cultures","volume":"13","author":"Al Rawi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pure Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-2003-3-413","article-title":"An Antiviral Meliacarpin from Leaves of Melia Azedarach L","volume":"58","author":"Alch\u00e9","year":"2003","journal-title":"Z. Naturforsch C J. Biosci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajme.2014.06.002","article-title":"Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever or Dengue Shock Syndrome in Children","volume":"2015","author":"Alejandria","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Clin. Evid."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12697","DOI":"10.5897\/ajb11.3418","article-title":"Phytochemical and Nutrient Compositions of the Leaves of Ocimum Canum Sims","volume":"11","author":"Aluko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7382506","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7382506","article-title":"Therapeutics Role of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and Their Active Constituents in Diseases Prevention and Treatment","volume":"2016","author":"Alzohairy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Evidence-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-021-09754-4","article-title":"Brazilian Essential Oils as Source for the Discovery of New Anti-COVID-19 Drug: a Review Guided by In Silico Study","author":"Amparo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2017.4530","article-title":"In Vitro evaluation of Novel Antiviral Activities of 60 Medicinal Plants Extracts against Hepatitis B Virus","volume":"14","author":"Arbab","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2955","article-title":"Comparative Study on the Antiviral Activity of Selected Monoterpenes Derived from Essential Oils","volume":"24","author":"Astani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phytother Res."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253643","DOI":"10.1093\/ecam\/nep187","article-title":"Screening for Antiviral Activities of Isolated Compounds from Essential Oils","volume":"2011","author":"Astani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Evidence-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-019-09367-3","article-title":"Antiviral Activity of Essential Oils against Hepatitis A Virus in Soft Fruits","volume":"11","author":"Battistini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Environ. Virol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.4172\/jaa.1000064","article-title":"Anti-HIV-1 Activities of Aerial Parts of Ocimum Basilicum and its Parasite Cuscuta Campestris","volume":"5","author":"Behbahani","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Antivir. Antiretrovir."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9080742","article-title":"Hesperidin and SARS-CoV-2: New Light on the Healthy Function of Citrus Fruits","volume":"9","author":"Bellavite","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-019-00691-6","article-title":"Antiviral Effect of Phytochemicals from Medicinal Plants: Applications and Drug Delivery Strategies","volume":"10","author":"Ben-Shabat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1573(200011)14:7<495:aid-ptr650>3.0.co;2-8","article-title":"In Vitro andin Vivo Activity of Eugenol on Human Herpesvirus","volume":"14","author":"Benencia","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1021\/np300059n","article-title":"Flacourtosides A-F, Phenolic Glycosides Isolated from Flacourtia Ramontchi","volume":"75","author":"Bourjot","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"B17","first-page":"31","article-title":"Identification of Volatile Compounds in Essential Oil and Extracts of Ocimum Micranthum Willd Leaves Using GC\/MS","volume":"9","author":"Caamal-Herrera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Res. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2015.10.042","article-title":"Ficus Religiosa L. Bark Extracts Inhibit Human Rhinovirus and Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection In Vitro","volume":"176","author":"Cagno","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1573(200008)14:5<333:aid-ptr584>3.0.co;2-d","article-title":"A Phase I Trial of Andrographolide in HIV Positive Patients and normal Volunteers","volume":"14","author":"Calabrese","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phytother Res."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1093\/ecam\/nem180","article-title":"The Anti-hepatitis B Virus Activity of Boehmeria Nivea Extract in HBV-Viremia SCID Mice","volume":"7","author":"Chang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat Med."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858","article-title":"In Vitro inhibitory Activity of Justicia Adhatoda Extracts against Influenza Virus Infection and Hemagglutination","volume":"25","author":"Chavan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12112","article-title":"Anti-HBV Effect of Individual Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine In Vitro and In Vivo: an Analytic Review","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepat."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-015-3584-5","article-title":"Inhibition of Hepatitis B Virus Replication by Quercetin in Human Hepatoma Cell Lines","volume":"30","author":"Cheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virol. Sin"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X19500678","article-title":"Aloe Vera and its Components Inhibit Influenza A Virus-Induced Autophagy and Replication","volume":"47","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1177\/1934578x1200700205","article-title":"Antihepatitis B Virus Constituents of Solanum Erianthum","volume":"7","author":"Chou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.02.046","article-title":"Magnesium Lithospermate B and Rosmarinic Acid, Two Compounds Present in Salvia Miltiorrhiza, Have Potent Antiviral Activity against Enterovirus 71 Infections","volume":"755","author":"Chung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ijpc.20190505.13","article-title":"Microscopic Studies, Phytochemical and Biological Screenings of Ocimum Canum","volume":"5","author":"Dinangayi Tshilanda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ijpc"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.2478\/hepo-2020-0010","article-title":"Anti-HIV Activity of Some Natural Phenolics","volume":"66","author":"El-Ansari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Herba Pol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3509","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-016-3032-3","article-title":"Ficus Religiosa L. Bark Extracts Inhibit Infection by Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 In Vitro","volume":"161","author":"Ghosh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2020.129489","article-title":"Identification of Alkaloids from Justicia Adhatoda as Potent SARS CoV-2 Main Protease Inhibitors: An In Silico Perspective","volume":"1229","author":"Ghosh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16774","article-title":"Cutaneous Manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: a Clinical Update","volume":"34","author":"Gisondi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2005.01.032","article-title":"In Vitro anti-rotavirus Activity of Some Medicinal Plants Used in Brazil against Diarrhea","volume":"99","author":"Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm.2020.03.118","article-title":"Current Targets and Drug Candidates for Prevention and Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Infection","volume":"21","author":"Goyal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-011-9261-3","article-title":"HBV Life Cycle and Novel Drug Targets","volume":"5","author":"Grimm","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatol. Int."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.3390\/v12091023","article-title":"Coronavirus Infections in Companion Animals: Virology, Epidemiology, Clinical and Pathologic Features","volume":"12","author":"Haake","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtb.2017.06.003","article-title":"Antiviral Activity of the Dichloromethane Extracts from Artocarpus Heterophyllus Leaves against Hepatitis C Virus","volume":"7","author":"Hafid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1211\/0022357011775712","article-title":"Ethnopharmacology in Drug Discovery: an Analysis of its Role and Potential Contribution","volume":"53","author":"Heinrich","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"001574","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001574","article-title":"The green tea Catechin Epigallocatechin Gallate Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Infection","volume":"102","author":"Henss","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl-2016-0110","article-title":"Medicinal Plants: a Repository of Antiviral Metabolites","volume":"12","author":"Hussain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Future Virol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2011.739","article-title":"Inhibition of Multiplication of Herpes Simplex Virus by Caffeic Acid","volume":"28","author":"Ikeda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2006.12.031","article-title":"Challenges and Opportunities in Drug Discovery from Plants","volume":"92","author":"Jachak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Sci."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846740","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/846740","article-title":"Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology of Andrographis Paniculata and its Major Bioactive Phytoconstituent Andrographolide","volume":"2013","author":"Jayakumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat Med."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.3390\/v12111242","article-title":"Curcumin as an Antiviral Agent","volume":"12","author":"Jennings","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2013.01.118","article-title":"Anti-HBV Active Constituents from Piper Longum","volume":"23","author":"Jiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25092070","article-title":"Structure-Activity-Relationship and Mechanistic Insights for Anti-HIV Natural Products","volume":"25","author":"Kaur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-020-00584-0","article-title":"Anti-viral Activity of Zingiber Officinale (Ginger) Ingredients against the Chikungunya Virus","volume":"31","author":"Kaushik","year":"2020","journal-title":"VirusDisease"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm1178","article-title":"Identification and Characterization of Coumestans as Novel HCV NS5B Polymerase Inhibitors","volume":"36","author":"Kaushik-Basu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202003.0226.v1","article-title":"Potential Inhibitor of COVID-19 Main Protease (Mpro) from Several Medicinal Plant Compounds by Molecular Docking Study","volume":"2020","author":"Khaerunnisa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Preprints"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines6010030","article-title":"The Repertoire of Adenovirus in Human Disease: The Innocuous to the Deadly","volume":"6","author":"Khanal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2009.04.046","article-title":"Antiviral Effect of Curcuma Longa Linn Extract against Hepatitis B Virus Replication","volume":"124","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-9610-6_60-1","article-title":"HIV Life Cycle: Overview","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of AIDS","author":"Kirchhoff","year":"2013"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822014005000030","article-title":"In Vitro inhibition of the Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus by the Essential Oil of Ocimum Basilicum (Basil) and Monoterpenes","volume":"45","author":"Kubi\u00e7a","year":"2014","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.2174\/1876518101002020049","article-title":"Development of New Antiviral Agents from Natural Products","volume":"2","author":"Kurokawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Open Antimicrob. Agents J."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1315208","article-title":"Inhibition of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 by Thymol-Related Monoterpenoids","volume":"78","author":"Lai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP1774","article-title":"Epigallocatechin Gallate Inhibits the HIV Reverse Transcription Step","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antivir. Chem. Chemother."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.31.2018","article-title":"Inhibition of the Epstein-Barr Virus Lytic Cycle by Andrographolide","volume":"31","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3972390","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3972390","article-title":"Natural Products: Review for Their Effects of Anti-HBV","volume":"2020","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-32-9151-5_21","article-title":"Tea Production in Bangladesh: From Bush to Mug","volume-title":"Agronomic Crops","author":"Mamun","year":"2019"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s12291-020-00902-9","article-title":"Curcumin: a Wonder Drug as a Preventive Measure for COVID19 Management","volume":"35","author":"Manoharan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1080\/0972060X.2007.10643547","article-title":"Variation in Volatiles of Ocimum Campechianum Mill. And Ocimum Gratissimum L. Cultivated in the North of Brazil","volume":"10","author":"Maria Das Gra\u00e7as","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil-Bearing Plants"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkg087","article-title":"Antiviral Agents from Plants and Herbs: a Systematic Review","volume":"8","author":"Martin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"key":"B62","volume-title":"Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology","author":"Mettenleiter","year":"2008"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cplett.2020.137751","article-title":"Identification of Potential Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease from Aloe Vera Compounds: A Molecular Docking Study","volume":"754","author":"Mpiana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2012.11.002","article-title":"Anti-herpes Virus Activities of Achyranthes aspera: an Indian Ethnomedicine, and its Triterpene Acid","volume":"168","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13140\/RG.2.2.28950.98889","article-title":"Cynodon Dactylon against SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19): Exploratory Considerations for Quick-Fix Pandemic Speed","author":"Nalanagula","year":"2020","journal-title":"Project: Cynodon dactylon against SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)"},{"key":"B66","first-page":"1","article-title":"Neem (Azadirachta Indica A. Juss) Capsules for Prophylaxis of COVID-19 Infection: A Pilot, Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"23","author":"Nesari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Altern. Ther. Health Med."},{"key":"B67","article-title":"Inhibition of Multiple SARS-CoV-2 Roteins by An Antiviral Biomolecule, Seselin from Aeglemarmelos Deciphered Using Molecular Docking Analysis","volume-title":"Research Square","author":"Nivetha","year":"2021"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-020-2816-x","article-title":"In Vitro anti-HIV Activity of Some Indian Medicinal Plant Extracts","volume":"20","author":"Palshetkar","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Med. Ther."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00658","article-title":"Antimicrobial, Anthelmintic, and Antiviral Activity of Plants Traditionally Used for Treating Infectious Disease in the Similipal Biosphere Reserve, Odisha, India","volume":"8","author":"Panda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.33263\/BRIAC114.1112211134","article-title":"An In Silico Screening on Piper Nigrum, Syzygium Aromaticum and Zingiber Officinale roscoe Derived Compounds against Sars\u2010cov\u20102: A Drug Repurposing Approach","volume":"11","author":"Pandey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"B71","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antiviral, Antiprotozoal, Antimalarial and Insecticidal Activities Ofocimum Gratissimum L","volume":"5","author":"Pandey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Res. Develop."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2015.1014568","article-title":"Anti-HIV-1 Integrase Activity and Molecular Docking of Compounds from Albizia Procera Bark","volume":"53","author":"Panthong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e104544","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104544","article-title":"In Vitro Anti-Influenza Virus Activities of a New Lignan Glycoside from the Latex of Calotropis Gigantea","volume":"9","author":"Parhira","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2960","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6471","article-title":"The Anti-hepatitis B Virus Therapeutic Potential of Anthraquinones Derived from Aloe Vera","volume":"33","author":"Parvez","year":"","journal-title":"Phytother Res."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2020.03.006","article-title":"Bioassay-guided Isolation of Anti-hepatitis B Virus Flavonoid Myricetin-3-O-Rhamnoside along with Quercetin from Guiera Senegalensis Leaves","volume":"28","author":"Parvez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612822666151112152733","article-title":"Antiviral Natural Products against Chronic Hepatitis B: Recent Developments","volume":"22","author":"Parvez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2018.12.008","article-title":"Plant-derived Antiviral Drugs as Novel Hepatitis B Virus Inhibitors: Cell Culture and Molecular Docking Study","volume":"27","author":"Parvez","year":"","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.9735\/0976-884X.3.1.45-48","article-title":"Antiviral Medicinal Herbs and Phytochemicals","volume":"3","author":"Perera","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pharmacogn"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.2174\/1570161117666190715121939","article-title":"Herbal Medicine for Slowing Aging and Aging-Associated Conditions: Efficacy, Mechanisms and Safety","volume":"18","author":"Phu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1093\/chromsci\/47.9.800","article-title":"Eugenol and Methyl Eugenol Chemotypes of Essential Oil of Species Ocimum Gratissimum L. And Ocimum Campechianum Mill. from Colombia","volume":"47","author":"Pino Benitez","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. Sci."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2015.08.012","article-title":"Cyperus Rotundus L.: Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacological Activities","volume":"174","author":"Pirzada","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B82","first-page":"197","article-title":"Antiviral Activities and Cytotoxicity Assay of Seed Extracts of Piper Longum and Piper Nigrum on Human Cell Lines","volume":"44","author":"Priya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2012.11.003","article-title":"Anti-HBV Agents Derived from Botanical Origin","volume":"84","author":"Qiu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.04.29.069567","article-title":"Possible Anti-viral Effects of Neem (Azadirachta indica) on Dengue Virus","volume":"2020","author":"Rao","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.29294\/ijase.6.4.2020.1482-1489","article-title":"Phytochemical 6-Gingerol -A Promising Drug of Choice for COVID-19","volume":"6","author":"Rathinavel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-0485-9","article-title":"The ORF3a Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Induces Apoptosis in Cells","volume":"17","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Immunol"},{"key":"B87","first-page":"49","article-title":"Assessment of Anti HSV-1 Activity of Aloe Vera Gel Extract: an In Vitro Study","volume":"17","author":"Rezazadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dent (Shiraz)"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3923\/ajb.2016.104.117","article-title":"Chemical Compositions, Antiviral and Antioxidant Activities of Seven Essential Oils","volume":"6","author":"Romeilah","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Sci. Res."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2020.08.006","article-title":"Antiviral Potential of Garlic (Allium Sativum) and its Organosulfur Compounds: A Systematic Update of Pre-clinical and Clinical Data","volume":"104","author":"Rouf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1080\/0972060x.2020.1823892","article-title":"Chemical Composition, Antiviral and Cytotoxic Activities of Essential Oil from Cyperus Rotundus Growing in Egypt: Evidence from Chemometrics Analysis","volume":"23","author":"Samra","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Essent. Oil Bearing Plants"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1360277","article-title":"Kaempferol Derivatives as Antiviral Drugs against the 3a Channel Protein of Coronavirus","volume":"80","author":"Schwarz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules13102482","article-title":"Variation of Ursolic Acid Content in Eight Ocimum Species from Northeastern Brazil","volume":"13","author":"Silva","year":"2008","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7897\/2230-8407.1006193","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of Albizia Procera (Roxb.) Benth.-An Update","author":"Sivakrishnan","year":"2019"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-020-09720-6","article-title":"Flavonoids: A Complementary Approach to Conventional Therapy of COVID-19?","author":"Solnier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385697","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/385697","article-title":"Herpes Simplex Virus Infection in Pregnancy","volume":"2012","author":"Straface","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.6902","article-title":"Evaluation of Antiviral Activities of Four Local Malaysian Phyllanthus Species against Herpes Simplex Viruses and Possible Antiviral Target","volume":"10","author":"Tan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e06350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e06350","article-title":"Antiviral and Immunomodulatory Activity of Curcumin: A Case for Prophylactic Therapy for COVID-19","volume":"7","author":"Thimmulappa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B98","first-page":"19","article-title":"Butea Monosperma: Phytochemistry and Pharmacology","volume":"3","author":"Tiwari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Scietific Pharmaceutical Science"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.9734\/ijpr\/2020\/v5i430143","article-title":"Ocimum Species as Potential Bioresources against COVID-19: A Review of Their Phytochemistry and Antiviral Activity","author":"Tshilanda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ijpr"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/s0255-0857(21)01807-7","article-title":"Antiviral Activity of the Indian Medicinal Plant Extract Swertia Chirata against Herpes Simplex Viruses: a Study by Iin-Vvitro and Molecular Approach","volume":"26","author":"Verma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-00468-6","article-title":"Coronavirus Biology and Replication: Implications for SARS-CoV-2","volume":"19","author":"V\u2019kovski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B102","first-page":"105","article-title":"ANTI-VIRAL ACTIVITY of Phyllanthus Niruri against HEPATITIS C VIRUS","volume":"48","author":"Wahyuni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malaysian Appl. Biol."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02407","article-title":"Andrographolide Prevents EV-D68 Replication by Inhibiting the Acidification of Virus-Containing Endocytic Vesicles","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2012.12.077","article-title":"Five New Phenolic Glycosides from Hedyotis Scandens","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01856","article-title":"Allicin Alleviates Reticuloendotheliosis Virus-Induced Immunosuppression via ERK\/mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway in Specific Pathogen-free Chickens","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.10.050","article-title":"Effect of Alcohol Extract of Acanthus ilicifolius L. On Anti-duck Hepatitis B Virus and protection of Liver","volume":"160","author":"Wei","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.1765","article-title":"Antiviral Properties of Ent-Labdene Diterpenes of Andrographis Paniculata Nees, Inhibitors of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1","volume":"19","author":"Wiart","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phytother Res."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.08.016","article-title":"Epigallocatechin Gallate, the Main Polyphenol in green tea, Binds to the T-Cell Receptor, CD4: Potential for HIV-1 Therapy","volume":"118","author":"Williamson","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i1.188","article-title":"Naturally Derived Anti-hepatitis B Virus Agents and Their Mechanism of Action","volume":"22","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22081337","article-title":"A Review of the Antiviral Role of Green Tea Catechins","volume":"22","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2010.10507362","article-title":"Anti-infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) Activity of 1,8-cineole: Effect on Nucleocapsid (N) Protein","volume":"28","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2012.03.013","article-title":"EGCG Inhibits Tat-Induced LTR Transactivation: Role of Nrf2, AKT, AMPK Signaling Pathway","volume":"90","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19947","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules201119660","article-title":"Phenolic Compounds from the Flowers of Bombax Malabaricum and Their Antioxidant and Antiviral Activities","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.orglett.6b03685","article-title":"Four Matrine-Based Alkaloids with Antiviral Activities against HBV from the Seeds of Sophora Alopecuroides","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Org. Lett."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2020.153272","article-title":"Total Alkaloids from Alstonia scholaris Inhibit Influenza a Virus Replication and Lung Immunopathology by Regulating the Innate Immune Response","volume":"77","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2014.11.011","article-title":"Anti-hepatitis B Virus Active Constituents from Swertia Chirayita","volume":"100","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2021.732891\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T00:48:48Z","timestamp":1636332528000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2021.732891\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]},"references-count":116,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2021.732891"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2021.732891","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]},"article-number":"732891"}}