{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T17:12:18Z","timestamp":1792861938994,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The same doses of anesthesia may yield varying depths of anesthesia in different patients. Clinical studies have revealed a possible causal relationship between deep anesthesia and negative short- and long-term patient outcomes. However, a reliable index and method of the clinical monitoring of deep anesthesia and detecting latency remain lacking. As burst-suppression is a characteristic phenomenon of deep anesthesia, the present study investigated the relationship between burst-suppression latency (BSL) and the subsequent burst-suppression ratio (BSR) to find an improved detection for the onset of intraoperative deep anesthesia. The mice were divided young, adult and old group treated with 1.0% or 1.5% isoflurane anesthesia alone for 2\u00a0h. In addition, the adult mice were pretreated with intraperitoneal injection of ketamine, dexmedetomidine, midazolam or propofol before they were anesthetized by 1.0% isoflurane for 2\u00a0h. Continuous frontal, parietal and occipital electroencephalogram (EEG) were acquired during anesthesia. The time from the onset of anesthesia to the first occurrence of burst-suppression was defined as BSL, while BSR was calculated as percentage of burst-suppression time that was spent in suppression periods. Under 1.0% isoflurane anesthesia, we found a negative correlation between BSL and BSR for EEG recordings obtained from the parietal lobes of young mice, from the parietal and occipital lobes of adult mice, and the occipital lobes of old mice. Under 1.5% isoflurane anesthesia, only the BSL calculated from EEG data obtained from the occipital lobe was negatively correlated with BSR in all mice. Furthermore, in adult mice receiving 1.0% isoflurane anesthesia, the co-administration of ketamine and midazolam, but not dexmedetomidine and propofol, significantly decreased BSL and increased BSR. Together, these data suggest that BSL can detect burst-suppression and predict the subsequent BSR under isoflurane anesthesia used alone or in combination with anesthetics or adjuvant drugs. Furthermore, the consistent negative correlation between BSL and BSR calculated from occipital EEG recordings recommends it as the optimal position for monitoring burst-suppression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.740012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T18:34:46Z","timestamp":1630953286000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Association Between Burst-Suppression Latency and Burst-Suppression Ratio Under Isoflurane or Adjuvant Drugs With Isoflurane Anesthesia in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Di","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingchen","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang-Xi","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai-Lei","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun-Li","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.02.012","article-title":"GABAA Circuit Mechanisms Are Associated with Ether Anesthesia-Induced Unconsciousness","volume":"127","author":"Akeju","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. 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