{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T11:51:43Z","timestamp":1783165903253,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001322","name":"South African Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease of global importance that affects millions of people. Approximately a quarter of the world\u2019s population is currently infected with <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>, and about 10% of those infected will develop into active disease, particularly immune compromised individuals. Helminthiasis is of global health importance, affecting over 2 billion people mostly in resource-poor countries. Co-infection with tuberculosis (TB) and helminths (worms) is an emerging global public health concern with both affecting about one-third of the global population. Chronic infection with helminths can result in impaired immune responses to TB as well as enhancing failure to TB therapy and BCG vaccination. Antimycobacterial and anthelmintic activities of the acetone extract and fractions of <jats:italic>Psychotria capensis<\/jats:italic> were evaluated, including their <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> safety. In addition, the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effect of the fractions and crude extract of <jats:italic>P. capensis<\/jats:italic> were assessed. Antimycobacterial activity of the extract and fractions was tested against four non-tuberculous mycobacteria (<jats:italic>Mycobacterium smegmatis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>M. fortuitum<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>M. aurum, M. bovis<\/jats:italic> BCG) and pathogenic <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> H37Rv while the Egg Hatch Assay (EHA) was used for the anthelmintic test on eggs of <jats:italic>Haemonchus contortus<\/jats:italic>. Cytotoxicity was determined against Vero kidney cells while <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> immune modulation via cytokine production was determined on activated macrophages. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the <jats:italic>Psychotria capensis<\/jats:italic> acetone extract and fractions ranged from 39 to 1,250\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml with the crude extract and hexane fraction having the best MIC values (both 39\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml). In the EHA, the inhibitory concentration (IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>) ranged from 160 to 630\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml with the hexane fraction having the best activity. The hexane and chloroform fractions were relatively non-toxic with LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> values of 290 and 248\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml respectively, while the acetone crude extract (64\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml) and n-butanol fraction (71\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml) were moderately toxic. The SI values (LC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\/MIC) ranged from 0.1 to 7.4 with the hexane fraction having the highest value against <jats:italic>M. smegmatis<\/jats:italic> (7.4). The hexane fraction had the best dual anthelmintic and antimycobacterial activity. This fraction had the best NO inhibitory activity and was the least cytotoxic, indicating that its activity was not due to general metabolic toxicity, with 96.54% cell viability. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-12p70 were upregulated while IL-10 expression was inhibited by the extracts. Compounds were detected using GC-MS analysis, and in both the crude acetone extract and the hexane fraction was the diterpene neophytadiene, which has anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity. Finding alternative or complementary approaches to dealing with TB infections by, amongst other things, reducing the incidence of helminth infestations may lessen the burden of TB, contributing to slowing the spread of multi-drug resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.744137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T05:30:31Z","timestamp":1641879031000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["In Vitro Potential of the Acetone Leaf Extract and Fractions of Psychotria capensis (Eckl.) Vatke (Rubiaceae) to Combat Co-Infection of Tuberculosis and Helminthiasis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Abimbola O.","family":"Aro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibukun M.","family":"Famuyide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ademola A.","family":"Oyagbemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prudence N.","family":"Kabongo-Kayoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lyndy J.","family":"McGaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e42901","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042901","article-title":"The Impact of Asymptomatic Helminth Co-infection in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Tuberculosis in north-west Ethiopia","volume":"7","author":"Abate","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-9-38","article-title":"Efficacy and Toxicity of Thirteen Plant Leaf Acetone Extracts Used in Ethnoveterinary Medicine in South Africa on Egg Hatching and Larval Development of Haemonchus contortus","volume":"9","author":"Adamu","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Vet. 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