{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:19:28Z","timestamp":1768522768948,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]],"date-time":"2022-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012659","name":"Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant No. 81903551 Grant No. 81803443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. 81903551 Grant No. 81803443"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant No. LY19H180001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. LY19H180001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007194","name":"Wenzhou Municipal Science and Technology Bureau","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant No. Y20180283"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant No. Y20180283"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007194","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Objectives:<\/jats:bold> Early recanalization of large vessels in thromboembolism, such as myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke, is associated with improved clinical outcomes. Nitric oxide (NO), a biological gas signaling molecule, has been proven to protect against ischemia\u2013reperfusion injury (IRI). However, the underlying mechanisms remain to be explored. This study investigated whether NO could mitigate IRI and the role of NO during acoustic cavitation.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold><jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>, thrombi in the iliac artery of rats were induced by 5% FeCl<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>. NO-loaded microbubbles (NO-MBs) and ultrasound (US) were used to treat thrombi. B-mode and Doppler US and histological analyses were utilized to evaluate the thrombolysis effect in rats with thrombi. Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and western blotting were conducted to investigate the underlying mechanisms of NO during acoustic cavitation. <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>, hypoxia was used to stimulate cells, and NO-MBs were employed to alleviate oxidative stress and apoptosis.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> We developed NO-MBs that significantly improve the circulation time of NO <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>, are visible, and effectively release therapeutic gas under US. US-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) and NO-loaded UTMD (NO + UTMD) caused a significant decrease in the thrombus area and an increase in the recanalization rates and blood flow velocities compared to the control and US groups. We discovered that UTMD induced NO generation through activation of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. More importantly, we also observed significantly increased NO content and eNOS expression in the NO + UTMD group compared to the UTMD group. NO + UTMD can mitigate oxidative stress and apoptosis in the hind limb muscle without influencing blood pressure or liver and kidney functions. <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>, NO-MBs alleviated oxidative stress and apoptosis in cells pretreated with hypoxia.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> Based on these data, UTMD affects the vascular endothelium by activating eNOS, and NO exerts a protective effect against IRI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.745693","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]],"date-time":"2022-01-04T06:09:42Z","timestamp":1641276582000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Ultrasound-Induced Destruction of Nitric Oxide\u2013Loaded Microbubbles in the Treatment of Thrombus and Ischemia\u2013Reperfusion Injury"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Zenghui","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huafang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuehao","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Binbin","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fangyi","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qilong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingling","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cuitao","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingzheng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2007.03.008","article-title":"Ultrasound at 27 kHz Increases Tissue Expression and Activity of Nitric Oxide Synthases in Acute Limb Ischemia in Rabbits","volume":"33","author":"Atar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. 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