{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T10:16:07Z","timestamp":1782468967960,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]],"date-time":"2021-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633651200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Compound Kushen Injection (CKI) is a<jats:italic>bis-<\/jats:italic>herbal formulation extracted from Kushen (Radix Sophorae Flavescentis) and Baituling (Rhizoma Heterosmilacis Yunnanensis). Clinically, it is used as the adjuvant treatment of cancer. However, with the increased application, the cases of immediate hypersensitivity reactions (IHRs) also gradually rise. In this study, we investigated the underlying mechanism(s) and active constituent(s) for CKI-induced IHRs in experimental models. The obtained results showed that CKI did not elevate serum total IgE (tIgE) and mouse mast cell protease 1 (MMCP1) after consecutive immunization for 5\u00a0weeks, but could induce Evans blue extravasation (local) and cause obvious hypothermia (systemic) after a single injection. Further study showed that alkaloids in Kushen, especially matrine, were responsible for CKI-induced IHRs. Mechanism study showed that various platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonists could significantly counter CKI-induced IHRs locally or systemically. In cell system, CKI was able to promote PAF production in a non-cell-selective manner. In cell lysate, the effect of CKI on PAF production became stronger and could be abolished by blocking<jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>pathway. In conclusion, our study identifies, for the first time, that CKI is a PAF inducer. It causes non-immunologic IHRs, rather than IgE-dependent IHRs, by promoting PAF production through<jats:italic>de novo<\/jats:italic>pathway. Alkaloids in Kushen, especially matrine, are the prime culprits for IHRs. Our findings may provide a potential approach for preventing and treating CKI-induced IHRs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.768643","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,10]],"date-time":"2021-10-10T05:49:58Z","timestamp":1633844998000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Compound Kushen Injection Induces Immediate Hypersensitivity Reaction Through Promoting the Production of Platelet-Activating Factor via de Novo Pathway"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yuan","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Hai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Runlan","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuwei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2017.06.002","article-title":"Drug-Induced Anaphylaxis","volume":"37","author":"Aun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol. 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