{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T17:22:32Z","timestamp":1781976152885,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]],"date-time":"2021-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Herbal preparations of willow bark (<jats:italic>Salix<\/jats:italic> cortex) are available in many countries as non-prescription medicines for pain and inflammation, and also as dietary supplements. Currently only little information on toxicity and drug interaction potential of the extracts is available. This study now evaluated the effects of two <jats:italic>Salix<\/jats:italic> cortex extracts on human hepatocyte-like HepaRG cells, in view of clinically relevant CYP450 enzyme activity modulation, cytotoxicity and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Drug metabolism via the CYP450 enzyme system is considered an important parameter for the occurrence of drug-drug interactions, which can lead to toxicity, decreased pharmacological activity, and adverse drug reactions. We evaluated two different bark extracts standardized to 10\u00a0mg\/ml phenolic content. Herein, extract S6 (<jats:italic>S. pentandra<\/jats:italic>, containing 8.15\u00a0mg\/ml total salicylates and 0.08\u00a0mg\/ml salicin) and extract B (industrial reference, containing 5.35\u00a0mg\/ml total salicylates and 2.26\u00a0mg\/ml salicin) were tested. Both <jats:italic>Salix<\/jats:italic> cortex extracts showed no relevant reduction in cell viability or increase in ROS production in hepatocyte-like HepaRG cells. However, they reduced CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 enzyme activity after 48\u00a0h at \u226525\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml, this was statistically significant only for S6. CYP2C19 activity inhibition (0.5\u00a0h) was also observed at \u226525\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml, mRNA expression inhibition by 48\u00a0h treatment with S6 at 25\u00a0\u03bcg\/ml. In conclusion, at higher concentrations, the tested <jats:italic>Salix<\/jats:italic> cortex extracts showed a drug interaction potential, but with different potency. Given the high prevalence of polypharmacy, particularly in the elderly with chronic pain, further systematic studies of <jats:italic>Salix<\/jats:italic> species of medical interest should be conducted in the future to more accurately determine the risk of potential drug interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.779801","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]],"date-time":"2021-11-18T07:01:25Z","timestamp":1637218885000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Drug-Drug Interaction Potential, Cytotoxicity, and Reactive Oxygen Species Production of Salix Cortex Extracts Using Human Hepatocyte-Like HepaRG Cells"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Victor Dutra","family":"Gomes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corinna","family":"Herz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Helmig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadja","family":"F\u00f6rster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inga","family":"Mewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelyn","family":"Lamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.105.006759","article-title":"Expression of Cytochromes P450, Conjugating Enzymes and Nuclear Receptors in Human Hepatoma HepaRG Cells","volume":"34","author":"Aninat","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drug Metab. 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