{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:14:59Z","timestamp":1787508899512,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]],"date-time":"2021-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636675200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Drug safety in paediatric patients is a serious public health concern around the world. The paediatric patients are more prone to adverse drug reactions (ADRs) than adults. Moreover, there is a scarcity of information about ADRs in paediatric patients. This study was conducted to determine the frequency, causality, severity, preventability of paediatric patients\u2019 ADRs reported in a tertiary care hospital in Adana, Turkey. A retrospective study was conducted on all spontaneously reported ADRs between January 01, 2020, to July 30, 2021, in paediatric patients. The ADRs reports were evaluated in terms of gender, age, ADR characteristics, suspected drugs and reporting source. All included ADRs reports were characterized according to the Naranjo Algorithm\/World Health Organization (WHO) causality scales, Hartwig\/Siegel and Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) severity scales, the modified Schoumock and Thornton preventability scale and hospital pharmacovigilance center criteria for seriousness. Therapeutic groups were also coded using the WHO-Anatomical Therapeutic and Chemical (ATC) classification. During the study period, 8,912 paediatric patients who were admitted had 16 ADRs with 1.7 ADRs\/1,000 admissions. The majority of ADRs were found in infants (31.2%) and children (56.2%) as compared to adolescents (12.5%). ADRs were observed more in females (81.2%) than males. Skin (62.5%) was the most affected organ due to the ADRs, and maculopapular rash and erythema multiforme were the most commonly reported symptoms. Most ADRs were probable\/likely (93.7%), severe (50%), preventable or probably preventable (43.7%) and serious (37.5%). Antibiotics (93.7%) were found to be the most common cause of ADRs in paediatric patients. The majority of ADRs were associated with vancomycin (68.7%). Most of the ADRs were reported by a medical doctor in this study. This small sample size study highlights significant problems of ADRs in paediatric patients, mainly caused by antibiotics and with a majority of ADRs manifest as skin reactions. Furthermore, a high proportion of the identified ADRs were found to be preventable. More focused efforts are needed at the national level to avoid preventable ADRs in hospitals. Monitoring and management of ADRs and future studies would be beneficial for better patient care and safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.786182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]],"date-time":"2021-11-12T00:47:33Z","timestamp":1636678053000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Evaluation of Adverse Drug Reactions in Paediatric Patients: A Retrospective Study in Turkish Hospital"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Zakir","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuf","family":"Karata\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olcay","family":"K\u0131ro\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-019-00925-0","article-title":"Preventability Analysis of Adverse Drug Reactions in a Jordanian Hospital: a Prospective Observational Study","volume":"41","author":"Al Damen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2018.04.012","article-title":"Knowledge, Attitudes & Practices of Healthcare Professionals in Hospitals towards the Reporting of Adverse Drug Reactions in Saudi Arabia: A Multi-centre Cross Sectional Study","volume":"26","author":"AlShammari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0233393","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233393","article-title":"Healthcare Students' Knowledge, Attitude and Perception of Pharmacovigilance: A Systematic Review","volume":"15","author":"Alwhaibi","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics6020024","article-title":"Herb-Induced Liver Injuries in Developing Nations: An Update","volume":"6","author":"Amadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2011.3.3.194","article-title":"Vancomycin-associated Spontaneous Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions","volume":"3","author":"An","year":"2011","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol. Res."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.05.006","article-title":"Spanish Group for the Study of Drug-Induced Liver DiseaseDrug-Induced Liver Injury: an Analysis of 461 Incidences Submitted to the Spanish Registry over a 10-year Period","volume":"129","author":"Andrade","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-016-0444-7","article-title":"Adverse-Drug-Reaction-Related Hospitalisations in Developed and Developing Countries: A Review of Prevalence and Contributing Factors","volume":"39","author":"Angamo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S19","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-014-0183-6","article-title":"Liver Safety Assessment: Required Data Elements and Best Practices for Data Collection and Standardization in Clinical Trials","author":"Avigan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1557(199912)8:7<529:AID-PDS460>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"A Cost-Analysis of Suspected Adverse Drug Reactions in a Hospital Emergency ward","volume":"8","author":"Ayani","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aohep.2019.03.010","article-title":"Drug and Herb-Induced Liver Injury: A Critical Review of Brazilian Cases with Proposals for the Improvement of Causality Assessment Using RUCAM","volume":"18","author":"Becker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.12222","article-title":"Adverse Drug Reactions and Off-Label and Unlicensed Medicines in Children: a Prospective Cohort Study of Unplanned Admissions to a Paediatric Hospital","volume":"77","author":"Bellis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1007\/s005200050262","article-title":"Allergic Reaction to the Liposomal Component of Liposomal Amphotericin B","volume":"7","author":"Cesaro","year":"1999","journal-title":"Support Care Cancer"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4009","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-017-2007-9","article-title":"A Nationwide Study of the Incidence Rate of Herb-Induced Liver Injury in Korea","volume":"91","author":"Cho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2008.154377","article-title":"Adverse Drug Reactions in Childhood: a Review of Prospective Studies and Safety Alerts","volume":"94","author":"Clavenna","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"B15","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services2017"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00853","article-title":"Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method for Drug-Induced Liver Injury: Present and Future","volume":"10","author":"Danan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17010014","article-title":"RUCAM in Drug and Herb Induced Liver Injury: The Update","volume":"17","author":"Danan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8019.2012.01494.x","article-title":"Cutaneous and Systemic Adverse Reactions to Antibiotics","volume":"25","author":"Diaz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-020-00405-3","article-title":"Analysis of Reporting Adverse Drug Reactions in Paediatric Patients in a university Hospital in the Netherlands","volume":"22","author":"Dittrich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Paediatr. Drugs"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1093\/inthealth\/ihy073","article-title":"Knowledge Attitude and Practice of Turkish Health Professionals towards Pharmacovigilance in a university Hospital","volume":"11","author":"Erg\u00fcn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Health"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2397847319850451","DOI":"10.1177\/2397847319850451","article-title":"The Observed Effect of Adverse Drug Reactions on the Length of Hospital Stay Among Medical Inpatients in a Nigerian University Teaching Hospital","volume":"3","author":"Fasipe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Res. Appl."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602783","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/602783","article-title":"Acyclovir Nephrotoxicity: a Case Report Highlighting the Importance of Prevention, Detection, and Treatment of Acyclovir-Induced Nephropathy","volume":"2010","author":"Fleischer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Case Rep. Med."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.02.007","article-title":"Causality Assessment Methods in Drug Induced Liver Injury: Strengths and Weaknesses","volume":"55","author":"Garc\u00eda-Cort\u00e9s","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.2174\/1574884713666180206164634","article-title":"Review of the Methods to Obtain Paediatric Drug Safety Information: Spontaneous Reporting and Healthcare Databases, Active Surveillance Programmes, Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses","volume":"13","author":"Gentili","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0b013e3283383c7c","article-title":"Drug-induced Liver Injury: a Clinical Update","volume":"26","author":"Ghabril","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00350","article-title":"Adverse Drug Reactions in Hospitalized Patients: Results of the FORWARD (Facilitation of Reporting in Hospital ward) Study","volume":"9","author":"Giardina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/21556660.2019.1566137","article-title":"Healthcare Professionals' Pharmacovigilance Knowledge and Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Behavior and Factors Determining the Reporting Rates","volume":"8","author":"G\u00fcner","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Drug Assess."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-015-1486-0","article-title":"Drug-induced Hypersensitivity Syndrome by Liposomal Amphotericin-B: a Case Report","volume":"8","author":"Hagihara","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Res. Notes"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-020-02862-8","article-title":"Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Health Care Professionals towards Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting in Public Sector Primary Health Care Facilities in a South African District","volume":"76","author":"Haines","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/49.9.2229","article-title":"Preventability and Severity Assessment in Reporting Adverse Drug Reactions","volume":"49","author":"Hartwig","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Hosp. Pharm."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200629050-00003","article-title":"Under-reporting of Adverse Drug Reactions : a Systematic Review","volume":"29","author":"Hazell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0306-5251.2001.01407.x","article-title":"Incidence of Adverse Drug Reactions in Paediatric In\/out-Patients: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies","volume":"52","author":"Impicciatore","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2042098620922483","DOI":"10.1177\/2042098620922483","article-title":"Adverse Drug Reactions Reporting in Turkey and Barriers: an Urgent Need for Pharmacovigilance Education","volume":"11","author":"Khan","year":"","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Drug Saf."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s43054-020-00038-8","article-title":"Pharmacovigilance and Incidence of Adverse Drug Reactions in Hospitalized Pediatric Patients: a Mini Systematic Review","volume":"68","author":"Khan","year":"","journal-title":"Egypt Pediatr. Assoc. Gaz"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2429","article-title":"Adverse Drug Reactions Among Children over a 10-year Period","volume":"118","author":"Le","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230590522356","article-title":"Recognizing Drug-Induced Liver Injury: Current Problems, Possible Solutions","volume":"33","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v13.i4.628","article-title":"Evaluation of Prognostic Markers in Severe Drug-Induced Liver Disease","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14992","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000014992","article-title":"Herb Induced Liver Injury after Using Herbal Medicine: A Systemic Review and Case-Control Study","volume":"98","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-018-0207-4","article-title":"Characterization of Serious Adverse Drug Reactions as Cause of Emergency Department Visit in Children: a 5-years Active Pharmacovigilance Study","volume":"19","author":"Lombardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2015.51208","article-title":"Empirical Use of Antibiotic Therapy in the Prevention of Early Onset Sepsis in Neonates: a Pilot Study","volume":"12","author":"Manan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1177\/2042098610386281","article-title":"Drug-induced Liver Injury in Older Adults","volume":"1","author":"Mitchell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Drug Saf."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0227712","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227712","article-title":"Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Practice and Associated Factors Among Medical Doctors in Government Hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","volume":"15","author":"Nadew","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1981.154","article-title":"A Method for Estimating the Probability of Adverse Drug Reactions","volume":"30","author":"Naranjo","year":"1981","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.01090","article-title":"A 7-Years Active Pharmacovigilance Study of Adverse Drug Reactions Causing Children Admission to a Pediatric Emergency Department in Sicily","volume":"11","author":"Nasso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-020-00412-7","article-title":"Characteristics of Pediatric Adverse Drug Reaction Reports in the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report Database","volume":"21","author":"Noda","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-011-1112-6","article-title":"Systematic Review of Safety in Paediatric Drug Trials Published in 2007","volume":"68","author":"Nor Aripin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1590\/s1516-31802011000300006","article-title":"Incidence and Cost Estimate of Treating Pediatric Adverse Drug Reactions in Lagos, Nigeria","volume":"129","author":"Oshikoya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sao Paulo Med. J."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-137-12-200212170-00007","article-title":"Acute Liver Failure Study GroupResults of a Prospective Study of Acute Liver Failure at 17 Tertiary Care Centers in the United States","volume":"137","author":"Ostapowicz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6904-7-8","article-title":"Evaluation of the Prevalence and Economic burden of Adverse Drug Reactions Presenting to the Medical Emergency Department of a Tertiary Referral centre: a Prospective Study","volume":"7","author":"Patel","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-500X.85957","article-title":"A Study of Adverse Drug Reactions in Pediatric Patients","volume":"2","author":"Priyadharsini","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Pharmacother."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-011-1183-4","article-title":"Risk Factors Associated with Adverse Drug Reactions in Hospitalised Children: International Multicentre Study","volume":"68","author":"Rashed","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00030","article-title":"Reported Adverse Drug Reactions in Infants: A Nationwide Analysis in Malaysia","volume":"8","author":"Rosli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.07.002","article-title":"Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Associated with Intravenous Aciclovir in Adults: Incidence and Risk Factors in Clinical Practice","volume":"74","author":"Ryan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-018-0222-5","article-title":"Causality and Preventability Assessment of Adverse Drug Events of Antibiotics Among Inpatients Having Different Lengths of Hospital Stay: a Multicenter, Cross-Sectional Study in Lahore, Pakistan","volume":"19","author":"Saqib","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"B55","first-page":"538","article-title":"Focusing on the Preventability of Adverse Drug Reactions","volume":"27","author":"Schumock","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hosp. Pharm."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1177\/1091581817721675","article-title":"Drug-Induced Liver Injury in Children: Clinical Observations, Animal Models, and Regulatory Status","volume":"36","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Toxicol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2494.2010.00611.x","article-title":"Infant Skin Physiology and Development during the First Years of Life: a Review of Recent Findings Based on In Vivo Studies","volume":"33","author":"Stamatas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmacy6040108","article-title":"Study on the Classification, Causality, Preventability and Severity of Adverse Drug Reaction Using Spontaneous Reporting System in Hospitalized Patients","volume":"6","author":"Sundaran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacy (Basel)"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.5604\/16652681.1235471","article-title":"Prospective Indian Study of DILI with Confirmed Causality Using the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM): A Report of Excellence","volume":"16","author":"Teschke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11101754","article-title":"The LiverTox Paradox-Gaps between Promised Data and Reality Check","volume":"11","author":"Teschke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3390\/medicines7100062","article-title":"Worldwide Use of RUCAM for Causality Assessment in 81,856 Idiosyncratic DILI and 14,029 HILI Cases Published 1993-Mid 2020: A Comprehensive Analysis","volume":"7","author":"Teschke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicines (Basel)"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.2013.774371","article-title":"Clinical and Causality Assessment in Herbal Hepatotoxicity","volume":"12","author":"Teschke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Saf."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1080\/17425255.2018.1539077","article-title":"Top-ranking Drugs Out of 3312 Drug-Induced Liver Injury Cases Evaluated by the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method","volume":"14","author":"Teschke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol."},{"key":"B64","unstructured":"Administration Annual Report, Number of Adverse Reaction Reports Sent to WHO. Page 108. [Turkish: T\u00fcrkiye \u0130la\u00e7 Ve T\u0131bbi Cihaz Kurumu. (2020a). \u0130dare Faaliyet Raporu, DS\u00d6\u2019ye G\u00f6nderilen Advers Reaksiyon Bildirimi Say\u0131s\u0131. Sayfa 108]2020"},{"key":"B65","unstructured":"Legislation on Drug Safety Official Gazette. No: 28973 [Turkish: T\u00fcrkiye \u0130la\u00e7 Ve T\u0131bbi Cihaz Kurumu. (2014b). \u0130la\u00e7lar\u0131n G\u00fcvenlili\u011fi Hakk\u0131nda Y\u00f6netmelik Resmi Gazete. Say\u0131 : 28973]2014"},{"key":"B66","unstructured":"Turkey pharmacovigilance center T\u00fcfam\n          2005"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajme.2018.10.005","article-title":"Analysis and Reporting of Adverse Drug Reactions at a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital","volume":"54","author":"Venkatasubbaiah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alexandria J. Med."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13124","article-title":"The Impact of Serious Adverse Drug Reactions: a Population-Based Study of a Decade of Hospital Admissions in New South Wales, Australia","volume":"83","author":"Walter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B69","unstructured":"The Use of the WHO-UMC System for Standardised Case Causality Assessment2013"},{"key":"B70","volume-title":"Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Code (ATC) Methodology","author":"World Health organization (Who)","year":""},{"key":"B71","volume-title":"WHO Programme for International Drug Monitoring. Members of the Who Programme for International Drug Monitoring","author":"World health organization (Who)","year":""},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2021.04.035","article-title":"Perioperative Anaphylaxis to Intravenous Vancomycin in a Pediatric Patient with Previous Topical Exposures","volume":"127","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunologyofficial Publ. Am. Coll. Allergy"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/s13730-012-0035-0","article-title":"Acute Kidney Injury Due to Acyclovir","volume":"2","author":"Yildiz","year":"2013","journal-title":"CEN Case Rep."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1001-5256.2019.03.025","article-title":"Drug-induced Liver Injury in children:An Analysis of Medication and Clinical Features[J]","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hepatol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl14184","article-title":"Causes, Features, and Outcomes of Drug-Induced Liver Injury in 69 Children from China","volume":"9","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut Liver"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.813892","type":"corrigendum","label":"Corrigendum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]],"date-time":"2021-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639440000000}}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2021.786182\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T11:32:35Z","timestamp":1639049555000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2021.786182\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]]},"references-count":75,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2021.786182"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2021.786182","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,12]]},"article-number":"786182"}}