{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T01:07:44Z","timestamp":1775696864650,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Age related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) are multifactorial, neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases of the eye primarily involving cellular and molecular components of the outer and inner blood-retina barriers (BRB), respectively. Largely contributed by genetic factors, particularly polymorphisms in complement genes, AMD is a paradigm of retinal immune dysregulation. DR, a major complication of diabetes mellitus, typically presents with increased vascular permeability and occlusion of the retinal vasculature that leads, in the proliferative form of the disease, to neovascularization, a pathogenic trait shared with advanced AMD. In spite of distinct etiology and clinical manifestations, both pathologies share common drivers, such as chronic inflammation, either of immune (in AMD) or metabolic (in DR) origin, which initiates and propagates degeneration of the neural retina, yet the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. As a soluble pattern recognition molecule with complement regulatory functions and a marker of vascular damage, long pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is emerging as a novel player in ocular homeostasis and a potential pharmacological target in neurodegenerative disorders of the retina. Physiologically present in the human eye and induced in inflammatory conditions, this protein is strategically positioned at the BRB interface, where it acts as a \u201cmolecular trap\u201d for complement, and modulates inflammation both in homeostatic and pathological conditions. Here, we discuss current viewpoints on PTX3 and retinal diseases, with a focus on AMD and DR, the roles therein proposed for this pentraxin, and their implications for the development of new therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.811344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T05:00:34Z","timestamp":1641531634000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The Long Pentraxin PTX3 as a New Biomarker and Pharmacological Target in Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Diabetic Retinopathy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Matteo","family":"Stravalaci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariantonia","family":"Ferrara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Varun","family":"Pathak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Davi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Bottazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Mantovani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reinhold J.","family":"Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mario R.","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Inforzato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.06.020","article-title":"Integrating Metabolomics, Genomics, and Disease Pathways in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: The EYE-RISK Consortium","volume":"127","author":"Acar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3459","article-title":"Immunology of Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"13","author":"Ambati","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B3","first-page":"2292","article-title":"Effect of TNF-Alpha on Human ARPE-19-Secreted Proteins","volume":"14","author":"An","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10320","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-67292-z","article-title":"Loss of Complement Factor H Impairs Antioxidant Capacity and Energy Metabolism of Human RPE Cells","volume":"10","author":"Armento","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4487","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-021-03796-9","article-title":"The Complement System in Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"78","author":"Armento","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00461","article-title":"Interaction of C1q with Pentraxin 3 and IgM Revisited: Mutational Studies with Recombinant C1q Variants","volume":"10","author":"Bally","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30481","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.568154","article-title":"Incorporation of Pentraxin 3 into Hyaluronan Matrices Is Tightly Regulated and Promotes Matrix Cross-Linking","volume":"289","author":"Baranova","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03419-4","article-title":"The Role of Lymphocytes and Phagocytes in Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)","volume":"77","author":"Behnke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cel Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.02.029","article-title":"The Pentraxins PTX3 and SAP in Innate Immunity, Regulation of Inflammation and Tissue Remodelling","volume":"64","author":"Bottazzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23991","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023991","article-title":"Human Pentraxin 3 Binds to the Complement Regulator C4b-Binding Protein","volume":"6","author":"Braunschweig","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22190","DOI":"10.1016\/s0021-9258(18)41653-5","article-title":"Interleukin-1-inducible Genes in Endothelial Cells. Cloning of a New Gene Related to C-Reactive Protein and Serum Amyloid P Component","volume":"267","author":"Breviario","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2019.101201","article-title":"Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) Led to Metabolic Dysfunction in Both the RPE and Retinal Photoreceptors","volume":"24","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22605","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M601023200","article-title":"Identification of an Antiangiogenic FGF2-Binding Site in the N Terminus of the Soluble Pattern Recognition Receptor PTX3","volume":"281","author":"Camozzi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-2219","article-title":"Effects of Gevokizumab on Glycemia and Inflammatory Markers in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"35","author":"Cavelti-Weder","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10060413","article-title":"The Application of Structural Retinal Biomarkers to Evaluate the Effect of Intravitreal Ranibizumab and Dexamethasone Intravitreal Implant on Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema","volume":"10","author":"Ceravolo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)62124-3","article-title":"Diabetic Retinopathy","volume":"376","author":"Cheung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.5603\/dk.2018.0016","article-title":"Pentraxin 3 and Retinopathy Among Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Relation to Carotid Atherosclerosis and Systolic and Diastolic Cardiac Function - a Pilot Study","volume":"7","author":"Chodkowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Diabetol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1042\/BST0381342","article-title":"Complement Factor H and Age-Related Macular Degeneration: the Role of Glycosaminoglycan Recognition in Disease Pathology","volume":"38","author":"Clark","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-017-0649-6","article-title":"The Eye as a Complement Dysregulation Hotspot","volume":"40","author":"Clark","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01778","article-title":"Bruch's Membrane Compartmentalizes Complement Regulation in the Eye with Implications for Therapeutic Design in Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"8","author":"Clark","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4962","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1401613","article-title":"Identification of Factor H-like Protein 1 as the Predominant Complement Regulator in Bruch's Membrane: Implications for Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"193","author":"Clark","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.02.004","article-title":"Aqueous Humor Levels of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Adiponectin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes before and after Intravitreal Bevacizumab Injection","volume":"110","author":"Costagliola","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12476","article-title":"Pentraxins in the Activation and Regulation of Innate Immunity","volume":"274","author":"Daigo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8433","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.12.8433","article-title":"Binding of the Long Pentraxin PTX3 to Factor H: Interacting Domains and Function in the Regulation of Complement Activation","volume":"181","author":"Deban","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1854","article-title":"Regulation of Leukocyte Recruitment by the Long Pentraxin PTX3","volume":"11","author":"Deban","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2925","article-title":"Type 2 Diabetes as an Inflammatory Disease","volume":"11","author":"Donath","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2016.07.026","article-title":"Humoral Innate Immunity at the Crossroad between Microbe and Matrix Recognition: The Role of PTX3 in Tissue Damage","volume":"61","author":"Doni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Cel Dev Biol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00712","article-title":"The Long Pentraxin PTX3 as a Link between Innate Immunity, Tissue Remodeling, and Cancer","volume":"10","author":"Doni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2019.06.007","article-title":"Serum Pentraxin 3 Level as a Recent Biomarker of Diabetic Retinopathy in Egyptian Patients with Diabetes","volume":"13","author":"Elbana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1089\/met.2018.0023","article-title":"Association of Plasma Pentraxin-3 Levels with Retinopathy and Systemic Factors in Diabetic Patients","volume":"16","author":"Erdenen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metab. Syndr. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0177763","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177763","article-title":"Extracellular Matrix Nitration Alters Growth Factor Release and Activates Bioactive Complement in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells","volume":"12","author":"Fields","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583687","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.583687","article-title":"The Role of Inflammation in Diabetic Retinopathy","volume":"11","author":"Forrester","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3448","article-title":"A Large Genome-wide Association Study of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Highlights Contributions of Rare and Common Variants","volume":"48","author":"Fritsche","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2015.00081","article-title":"The Ischemic Environment Drives Microglia and Macrophage Function","volume":"6","author":"Fumagalli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00016.2017","article-title":"Ptx3, a Humoral Pattern Recognition Molecule, in Innate Immunity, Tissue Repair, and Cancer","volume":"98","author":"Garlanda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-159-1-201307020-00003","article-title":"Salicylate (Salsalate) in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: a Randomized Trial","volume":"159","author":"Goldfine","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2019.12.010","article-title":"Distinctive Mechanisms and Patterns of Exudative versus Tractional Intraretinal Cystoid Spaces as Seen with Multimodal Imaging","volume":"212","author":"Govetto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2020.1836228","article-title":"New Insights into Diabetic and Vision-Threatening Retinopathy: Importance of Plasma Long Pentraxine 3 and Taurine Levels","volume":"46","author":"G\u00fcngel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01750","article-title":"Regulation of the Complement System by Pentraxins","volume":"10","author":"Haapasalo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7227","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0501536102","article-title":"A Common Haplotype in the Complement Regulatory Gene Factor H (HF1\/CFH) Predisposes Individuals to Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"102","author":"Hageman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2018.06.003","article-title":"Mannose Binding Lectin and Pentraxin 3 in Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy","volume":"49","author":"Hokazono","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6028","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20236028","article-title":"Oxidative Stress-Induced Pentraxin 3 Expression Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells Is Involved in the Pathogenesis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"20","author":"Hwang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17681","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.085639","article-title":"The Angiogenic Inhibitor Long Pentraxin PTX3 Forms an Asymmetric Octamer with Two Binding Sites for FGF2","volume":"285","author":"Inforzato","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11540","DOI":"10.1021\/bi0607453","article-title":"Structure and Function of the Long Pentraxin PTX3 Glycosidic Moiety: fine-tuning of the Interaction with C1q and Complement Activation","volume":"45","author":"Inforzato","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10147","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M708535200","article-title":"Structural Characterization of PTX3 Disulfide Bond Network and its Multimeric Status in Cumulus Matrix Organization","volume":"283","author":"Inforzato","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0132800","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132800","article-title":"Systemic and Ocular Long Pentraxin 3 in Patients with Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"10","author":"Juel","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5031","DOI":"10.19082\/5031","article-title":"Role of Angiopoietins and Tie-2 in Diabetic Retinopathy","volume":"9","author":"Khalaf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electron. Physician"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564077","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.564077","article-title":"Microglia and Inflammatory Responses in Diabetic Retinopathy","volume":"11","author":"Kinuthia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604205","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.604205","article-title":"Phagocytosis by the Retinal Pigment Epithelium: Recognition, Resolution, Recycling","volume":"11","author":"Kwon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa065213","article-title":"Interleukin-1-receptor Antagonist in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"356","author":"Larsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61038","DOI":"10.1155\/2007\/61038","article-title":"The Polyol Pathway as a Mechanism for Diabetic Retinopathy: Attractive, Elusive, and Resilient","volume":"2007","author":"Lorenzi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1159\/000439596","article-title":"Complement Stimulates Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells to Undergo Pro-inflammatory Changes","volume":"54","author":"Lueck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2011.109","article-title":"Sub-lytic C5b-9 Induces Functional Changes in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells Consistent with Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"25","author":"Lueck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28263","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.009225","article-title":"Synergy between Ficolin-2 and Pentraxin 3 Boosts Innate Immune Recognition and Complement Deposition","volume":"284","author":"Ma","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1300382","article-title":"Ficolin-1-PTX3 Complex Formation Promotes Clearance of Altered Self-Cells and Modulates IL-8 Production","volume":"191","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3405","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.190637","article-title":"Heterocomplexes of Mannose-Binding Lectin and the Pentraxins PTX3 or Serum Amyloid P Component Trigger Cross-Activation of the Complement System","volume":"286","author":"Ma","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2017.87","article-title":"Aqueous Humor Pentraxin-3 Levels in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"31","author":"Mutlu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-017-0175-y","article-title":"Microglia-derived IL-1\u03b2 Promotes Chemokine Expression by M\u00fcller Cells and RPE in Focal Retinal Degeneration","volume":"12","author":"Natoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1002\/immu.200310022","article-title":"Biochemical and Functional Characterization of the Interaction between Pentraxin 3 and C1q","volume":"33","author":"Nauta","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.107.160606","article-title":"Long Pentraxin 3, a Key Component of Innate Immunity, Is Modulated by High-Density Lipoproteins in Endothelial Cells","volume":"28","author":"Norata","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10117","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202000807R","article-title":"A Role for Mast Cells in Geographic Atrophy","volume":"34","author":"Ogura","year":"2020","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-016-2418-4","article-title":"Complement Factor H in Host Defense and Immune Evasion","volume":"74","author":"Parente","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cel Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435607","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/435607","article-title":"Mechanism of Inflammation in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: an Up-To-Date on Genetic Landmarks","volume":"2013","author":"Parmeggiani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"B64","first-page":"511","article-title":"Receptors for Advanced Glycation End Products and Their Physiological and Clinical Significance","volume":"62","author":"Pietkiewicz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Postepy Hig Med. Dosw (Online)"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.3390\/life11050453","article-title":"Antioxidant Status in the Vitreous of Eyes with Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment with and without Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy, Macular Hole and Epiretinal Membrane","volume":"11","author":"Pietras-Baczewska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00794","article-title":"The Long Pentraxin PTX3 as a Humoral Innate Immunity Functional Player and Biomarker of Infections and Sepsis","volume":"10","author":"Porte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02327","article-title":"Long Pentraxin-3 Modulates the Angiogenic Activity of Fibroblast Growth Factor-2","volume":"9","author":"Presta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.11.012","article-title":"Vascular Complications of Diabetes: Mechanisms of Injury and Protective Factors","volume":"17","author":"Rask-Madsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00823","article-title":"Pentraxin 3 in Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"10","author":"Ristagno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1333215","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2017.1333215","article-title":"Epigenetic Regulation of the Extrinsic Oncosuppressor PTX3 Gene in Inflammation and Cancer","volume":"6","author":"Rubino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-10-3433","article-title":"Selective Recognition of Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 by the Long Pentraxin PTX3 Inhibits Angiogenesis","volume":"104","author":"Rusnati","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2182","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-04-396846","article-title":"Eyeing central Neurons in Vascular Growth and Reparative Angiogenesis","volume":"120","author":"Sapieha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30161","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M703738200","article-title":"PTX3 Interacts with Inter-alpha-trypsin Inhibitor: Implications for Hyaluronan Organization and Cumulus Oophorus Expansion","volume":"282","author":"Scarchilli","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-015-0422-5","article-title":"Targeting Translocator Protein (18 kDa) (TSPO) Dampens Pro-inflammatory Microglia Reactivity in the Retina and Protects from Degeneration","volume":"12","author":"Scholz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002626","article-title":"Retinal Hyperreflective Foci in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"40","author":"Schreur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582060","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/582060","article-title":"Diabetic Retinopathy: Vascular and Inflammatory Disease","volume":"2015","author":"Semeraro","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2014.04.005","article-title":"Serum and Intraocular Concentrations of Erythropoietin and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Proliferative Retinopathy","volume":"40","author":"Semeraro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2019.04.002","article-title":"Diabetic Retinopathy, a Vascular and Inflammatory Disease: Therapeutic Implications","volume":"45","author":"Semeraro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00154","article-title":"A Systematic Investigation on Complement Pathway Activation in Diabetic Retinopathy","volume":"11","author":"Shahulhameed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s12177-013-9104-7","article-title":"Advanced Glycation End Products and Diabetic Retinopathy","volume":"5","author":"Sharma","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ocul. Biol. Dis. Infor"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-020-04910-6","article-title":"Association of Imaging Biomarkers and Local Activation of Complement in Aqueous Humor of Patients with Early Forms of Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"259","author":"Sitnilska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37673-6","article-title":"Complement Factor H Regulates Retinal Development and its Absence May Establish a Footprint for Age Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"9","author":"Sivapathasuntharam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2015.08.001","article-title":"The Progress in Understanding and Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy","volume":"51","author":"Stitt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591908","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.591908","article-title":"Control of Complement Activation by the Long Pentraxin PTX3: Implications in Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"11","author":"Stravalaci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9090792","article-title":"Sulforaphane Inhibits MGO-AGE-Mediated Neuroinflammation by Suppressing NF-\u039ab, MAPK, and AGE-RAGE Signaling Pathways in Microglial Cells","volume":"9","author":"Subedi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18395-7","article-title":"C-reactive Protein and Pentraxin-3 Binding of Factor H-like Protein 1 Differs from Complement Factor H: Implications for Retinal Inflammation","volume":"8","author":"Swinkels","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3503","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20143503","article-title":"Effect of Resveratrol on In Vitro and In Vivo Models of Diabetic Retinophathy: A Systematic Review","volume":"20","author":"Toro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4811","article-title":"Pentraxin 3 Recruits Complement Factor H to Protect against Oxidative Stress-Induced Complement and Inflammasome Overactivation","volume":"240","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2014.01.015","article-title":"Nrf2 Signaling Modulates Cigarette Smoke-Induced Complement Activation in Retinal Pigmented Epithelial Cells","volume":"70","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e106","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70145-1","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Disease burden Projection for 2020 and 2040: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"2","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"B91","first-page":"303","article-title":"Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells Express the Long Pentraxin PTX3","volume":"19","author":"Woo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Vis."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-3209-8_38","article-title":"A Mechanistic Review of Cigarette Smoke and Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"801","author":"Woodell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6648191","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6648191","article-title":"Imaging Hyperreflective Foci as an Inflammatory Biomarker after Anti-VEGF Treatment in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration Patients with Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography","volume":"2021","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2008.05211.x","article-title":"Oxidized Low Density Lipoproteins Induce a Pathologic Response by Retinal Pigmented Epithelial Cells","volume":"105","author":"Yamada","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5989","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-14864","article-title":"Elevated Plasma Pentraxin 3 Levels Are Associated with Development and Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy in Korean Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"55","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1909","article-title":"Global Prevalence and Major Risk Factors of Diabetic Retinopathy","volume":"35","author":"Yau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1089\/gtmb.2015.0238","article-title":"Serum and Vitreous Pentraxin 3 Concentrations in Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy","volume":"20","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genet. Test. Mol. Biomarkers"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2021.811344\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T05:00:40Z","timestamp":1641531640000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2021.811344\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]},"references-count":97,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2021.811344"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2021.811344","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]},"article-number":"811344"}}