{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T13:00:40Z","timestamp":1793278840265,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81870874 82171229 81672970"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81870874 82171229 81672970"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002949","name":"Government of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002949","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007824","name":"Soochow University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ganciclovir (GCV) is a prodrug nucleoside analogue and is clinically used as antiviral drug for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) and other infections. Based on the potential anti-inflammatory activity of GCV, this study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of ganciclovir on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC), which may involve cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathways. Our results demonstrated that incubation of GCV (50\u00a0\u03bcM) inhibited cGAS-STING pathway in macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Then, it was found that intestinal cGAS-STING pathways were upregulated in UC patients, Crohn\u2019s disease colitis (CD) patients, and DSS-induced colitis mice. Intraperitoneal injection of low-dose GCV (10\u00a0mg\/kg\/day) attenuated DSS-induced colitis and abdominal pain in mice. GCV treatment significantly inhibited the upregulation of cGAS-STING pathway in DSS-induced colitis mice. Moreover, DSS-induced colitis and gut dysbiosis was markedly attenuated in STING deficient mice compared with that of wild-type (WT) mice. Finally, there was lacking therapeutic effect of GCV on DSS-induced colitis in STING deficient mice. Together, our results indicated that low-dose GCV ameliorated DSS-induced UC in mice, possibly through inhibiting STING signaling in colonic macrophages, indicating that GCV may be useful for the treatment of UC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1020670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T23:32:06Z","timestamp":1668641526000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Low-dose ganciclovir ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis through inhibiting macrophage STING activation in mice"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lin-Kong","family":"Gong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaodong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiang-Tao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Hong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Hua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chungen","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19386","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1215006109","article-title":"STING manifests self DNA-dependent inflammatory disease","volume":"109","author":"Ahn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.11.101","article-title":"STING-dependent signaling underlies IL-10 controlled inflammatory colitis","volume":"21","author":"Ahn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5166","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6166","article-title":"Inflammation-driven carcinogenesis is mediated through STING","volume":"5","author":"Ahn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.2337\/dbi18-0052","article-title":"The cGAS-cGAMP-STING pathway: A molecular link between immunity and metabolism","volume":"68","author":"Bai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3921","article-title":"Sting: Infection, inflammation and cancer","volume":"15","author":"Barber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2491","article-title":"STING and the innate immune response to nucleic acids in the cytosol","volume":"14","author":"Burdette","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2017.88","article-title":"The cytosolic sensor STING is required for intestinal homeostasis and control of inflammation","volume":"11","author":"Canesso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"B8","first-page":"1792","article-title":"Protective effect of Lagerstroemia speciosa against dextran sulfate sodium induced ulcerative colitis in C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"9","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103758","article-title":"Targeting uPA-uPAR interaction to improve intestinal epithelial barrier integrity in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"75","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.12.038","article-title":"A review of activity indices and efficacy end points for clinical trials of medical therapy in adults with ulcerative colitis","volume":"132","author":"D'Haens","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(94)90803-6","article-title":"Dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis occurs in severe combined immunodeficient mice","volume":"107","author":"Dieleman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02511-0","article-title":"Activating cGAS-STING axis contributes to neuroinflammation in CVST mouse model and induces inflammasome activation and microglia pyroptosis","volume":"19","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20120696","article-title":"Antiviral drug ganciclovir is a potent inhibitor of microglial proliferation and neuroinflammation","volume":"211","author":"Ding","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-03151-1","article-title":"STING controls nociception via type I interferon signalling in sensory neurons","volume":"591","author":"Donnelly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(91)90202-v","article-title":"The epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease: A large, population-based study in Sweden","volume":"100","author":"Ekbom","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5716","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.74.12.5716","article-title":"Selectivity of action of an antiherpetic agent, 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl) guanine","volume":"74","author":"Elion","year":"1977","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90599-5","article-title":"Experimental models of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"109","author":"Elson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199039040-00008","article-title":"Ganciclovir. A review of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy in cytomegalovirus infections","volume":"39","author":"Faulds","year":"1990","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1097\/meg.0000000000002436","article-title":"Safety and effectiveness of ustekinumab in elderly Crohn's disease patients","volume":"34","author":"Fiske","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2025-2","article-title":"Pathway paradigms revealed from the genetics of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"578","author":"Graham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"pdb.prot095042","DOI":"10.1101\/pdb.prot095042","article-title":"Quantification of RNA by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)","volume":"2018","author":"Green","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Protoc."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1097\/shk.0000000000000771","article-title":"STING and TRIF contribute to mouse sepsis, depending on severity of the disease model","volume":"47","author":"Heipertz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.02.055","article-title":"STING-mediated intestinal barrier dysfunction contributes to lethal sepsis","volume":"41","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-019-03996-y","article-title":"Ganciclovir reduces irinotecan-induced intestinal toxicity by inhibiting NLRP3 activation","volume":"85","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24838","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24838","article-title":"Microbial metabolite butyrate facilitates M2 macrophage polarization and function","volume":"6","author":"Ji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11582","article-title":"Host-microbe interactions have shaped the genetic architecture of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"491","author":"Jostins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22029","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202101199R","article-title":"cGAS-STING signaling pathway in gastrointestinal inflammatory disease and cancers","volume":"36","author":"Ke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Faseb J."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.00872.x","article-title":"Animal research: Reporting in vivo experiments: The ARRIVE guidelines","volume":"160","author":"Kilkenny","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu969","article-title":"Clinical presentation and risk factors for cytomegalovirus colitis in immunocompetent adult patients","volume":"60","author":"Ko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2004.40036.x","article-title":"Ulcerative colitis practice guidelines in adults (update): American College of gastroenterology, practice parameters committee","volume":"99","author":"Kornbluth","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(94)90054-x","article-title":"Course of ulcerative colitis: Analysis of changes in disease activity over years","volume":"107","author":"Langholz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529108998621","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of ulcerative colitis in Copenhagen county from 1962 to 1987","volume":"26","author":"Langholz","year":"1991","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2022.2042592","article-title":"Antitumour necrosis factor alpha treatment in Crohn's disease: Long-term efficacy, side effects and need for surgery","volume":"57","author":"Lerang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7797","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.62256","article-title":"Twist1 contributes to developing and sustaining corticosteroid resistance in ulcerative colitis","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1312625","article-title":"Activated STING in a vascular and pulmonary syndrome","volume":"371","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.09.010","article-title":"Expression of STING is increased in liver tissues from patients with NAFLD and promotes macrophage-mediated hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in mice","volume":"155","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14281","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50656-5","article-title":"Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) activation exacerbates experimental colitis in mice","volume":"9","author":"Martin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.11.032","article-title":"Activation of the STING-dependent type I interferon response reduces microglial reactivity and neuroinflammation","volume":"96","author":"Mathur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S490","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/10.supplement_3.s490","article-title":"Antiviral activity and mechanism of action of ganciclovir","volume":"10","author":"Matthews","year":"1988","journal-title":"Rev. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.37745","article-title":"Targeting the STING pathway in tumor-associated macrophages regulates innate immune sensing of gastric cancer cells","volume":"10","author":"Miao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4135","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v16.i33.4135","article-title":"Design of 16S rRNA gene primers for 454 pyrosequencing of the human foregut microbiome","volume":"16","author":"Nossa","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(12)60150-0","article-title":"Ulcerative colitis","volume":"380","author":"Ord\u00e1s","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16544","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1308331110","article-title":"STING-IRF3 pathway links endoplasmic reticulum stress with hepatocyte apoptosis in early alcoholic liver disease","volume":"110","author":"Petrasek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i6.2030","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus and ulcerative colitis: Place of antiviral therapy","volume":"22","author":"Pillet","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5396.2085","article-title":"Defective LPS signaling in C3H\/HeJ and C57bl\/10ScCr mice: Mutations in Tlr4 gene","volume":"282","author":"Poltorak","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.35.5.669","article-title":"Increased macrophage subset in inflammatory bowel disease: Apparent recruitment from peripheral blood monocytes","volume":"35","author":"Rugtveit","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3097","DOI":"10.1172\/jci30602","article-title":"TREM-1--expressing intestinal macrophages crucially amplify chronic inflammation in experimental colitis and inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"117","author":"Schenk","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12862","article-title":"Pan-viral specificity of IFN-induced genes reveals new roles for cGAS in innate immunity","volume":"505","author":"Schoggins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1097\/00007691-200402000-00014","article-title":"Ganciclovir in solid organ transplant recipients: Is there a role for clinical pharmacokinetic monitoring?","volume":"26","author":"Scott","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ther. Drug Monit."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.05.008","article-title":"Dysbiosis exacerbates colitis by promoting ubiquitination and accumulation of the innate immune adaptor STING in myeloid cells","volume":"54","author":"Shmuel-Galia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14935","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14935","article-title":"The antiviral drug ganciclovir does not inhibit microglial proliferation and activation","volume":"5","author":"Skripuletz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e30683","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000030683","article-title":"Performance of Remsima\u00ae monitor drug level versus ridascreen ifx monitoring in therapeutic drug monitoring of infliximab in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A study of diagnostic accuracy","volume":"101","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Baltim."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361590","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/361590","article-title":"The design of a quantitative Western blot experiment","volume":"2014","author":"Taylor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-308323","article-title":"TLR-independent anti-inflammatory function of intestinal epithelial TRAF6 signalling prevents DSS-induced colitis in mice","volume":"65","author":"Vlantis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2018.09.005","article-title":"American ginseng microbial metabolites attenuate DSS-induced colitis and abdominal pain","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1038\/s41374-019-0342-6","article-title":"STING expression in monocyte-derived macrophages is associated with the progression of liver inflammation and fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"100","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lab. Invest."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjx147","article-title":"The proton-activated receptor GPR4 modulates intestinal inflammation","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0271299","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0271299","article-title":"Adalimumab biosimilars in the therapy of Crohn\u00b4s disease and ulcerative colitis: Prospective multicentric clinical monitoring","volume":"17","author":"Wasserbauer","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.22470","article-title":"Enhanced survival and mucosal repair after dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in transgenic mice that overexpress growth hormone","volume":"120","author":"Williams","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2007.07.003","article-title":"Mouse models of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"59","author":"Wirtz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2017.044","article-title":"Chemically induced mouse models of acute and chronic intestinal inflammation","volume":"12","author":"Wirtz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06005","article-title":"Unravelling the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"448","author":"Xavier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2017.185","article-title":"Artemisinin analogue SM934 ameliorates DSS-induced mouse ulcerative colitis via suppressing neutrophils and macrophages","volume":"39","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4102","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v28.i30.4102","article-title":"Trends in medication use and treatment patterns in Chinese patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"28","author":"Yao","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaan5689","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aan5689","article-title":"ALK is a therapeutic target for lethal sepsis","volume":"9","author":"Zeng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.05.013","article-title":"Structures and mechanisms in the cGAS-STING innate immunity pathway","volume":"53","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.01.065","article-title":"STING signaling promotes inflammation in experimental acute pancreatitis","volume":"154","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4779","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1402051","article-title":"Cutting edge: STING mediates protection against colorectal tumorigenesis by governing the magnitude of intestinal inflammation","volume":"193","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2022.1020670\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T23:32:10Z","timestamp":1668641530000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2022.1020670\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]]},"references-count":68,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2022.1020670"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2022.1020670","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]]},"article-number":"1020670"}}