{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T02:00:44Z","timestamp":1769911244327,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]],"date-time":"2022-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Impaired decidualization was recognized as one of the crucial pathomechanisms accounting for unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA). Currently, the exact molecular mechanism and targeted clinical decision are still in exploration. Bushen Huoxue decoction (BSHXD) has previously been proved effective in treating URSA, but its mechanism remains to be elucidated. This study aimed to explore the regulation mechanism of BSHXD in decidualization from its intervention in autophagy so as to rationalize its potential as a novel therapeutic regime for URSA. Decidua tissues were collected from patients with URSA and healthy pregnant women who underwent legal terminations for non-medical reasons at the first trimester. Besides, cell line T-hESCs was utilized to establish induced decidualization model, and were randomly divided into ESC group, DSC group, 3-MA group, AMPK siRNA group, scrambled siRNA group and AMPK siRNA + BSHXD group. Transmission electron microscopy, Monodansylcadaverine (MDC) assay, qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and Western blotting were used to evaluate the level of decidualization, autophagy and activation of AMPK signaling pathway in decidua tissues and cell experiments. Experiments on decidua tissues showed that decidualization was impaired in URSA with inhibited autophagy. Besides, pAMPK T172 and pULK1 S556 were decreased, and pmTOR S2448 and pULK1 S757 were increased. Cell experiments showed that the level of autophagy increased during induced decidualization, but when autophagy was inhibited, decidualization was impaired. In addition, AMPK\/mTOR\/ULK1 affected decidualization by mediating autophagy, and BSHXD improved decidualization through this mechanism. In conclusion, this study clarified that the inhibition of autophagy mediated by AMPK\/mTOR\/ULK1 was associated with impaired decidualization, and the intervention of BSHXD on this pathological process may be a vital mechanism for its treatment of URSA. This study laid the foundation for further research and application of BSHXD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.794938","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]],"date-time":"2022-01-24T10:20:37Z","timestamp":1643019637000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Deciphering the Mechanism of Bushen Huoxue Decotion on Decidualization by Intervening Autophagy via AMPK\/mTOR\/ULK1: A Novel Discovery for URSA Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xiaoxuan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuepeng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiajie","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunrui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoling","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dml004","article-title":"Endometrial Receptivity Markers, the Journey to Successful Embryo Implantation","volume":"12","author":"Achache","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum. 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