{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T01:04:32Z","timestamp":1791594272101,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]],"date-time":"2022-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Purpose:<\/jats:bold> The consumption of drugs during pregnancy without medical advice constitutes a risk for the mother and the fetus. It is a public health problem. This study aimed to assess self-medication practices among pregnant women, the most used medicines, and factors associated with this practice.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> A cross-sectional study was conducted using a structured questionnaire on pregnant women who were attending Settat health centers. A simple random sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Descriptive and inferential statistics were computed using the SPSS version 19.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Among 364 pregnant women, 118 (32%) practiced self-medication in modern medicine. Paracetamol was the most used medication, and nausea and vomiting were the most frequent symptoms reported by self-medicated pregnant women. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that women over 30\u00a0years old were four-fold more likely to practice self-medication than the other groups [AOR: 4.19; 95% CI (1.80\u20139.77)]. Similarly, unemployed women [AOR: 3.93; 95% CI (0.80\u201319.23)], those in third trimester [AOR: 2.63; 95% CI (1.29\u20135.36)], multiparous [AOR: 6.03; 95% CI (3.12\u201311.65)], without chronic illness [AOR: 2.84; 95% CI (1.26\u20136.41)], without therapeutic treatment [AOR: 10.1; 95% CI (2.81\u201337.03)] and who have attended ANC at least once, were more likely to practice self-medication than the other groups.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> The prevalence of modern drug self-medication among pregnant women in Morocco is classified as lower. Health professionals can exert positive pressure through education and information provided during ANC about OTC medications to significantly reduce the rate of self-medication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.812060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]],"date-time":"2022-08-16T05:16:17Z","timestamp":1660626977000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Modern drug self-medication and associated factors among pregnant women at Settat city, Morocco"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Samia","family":"Chergaoui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omaima","family":"Changuiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdelghafour","family":"Marfak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elmadani","family":"Saad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abderraouf","family":"Hilali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibtissam","family":"Youlyouz Marfak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.4103\/1596-3519.55666","article-title":"Factors influencing the pattern of self-medication in an adult Nigerian population","volume":"7","author":"Afolabi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Afr. Med."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.24171\/j.phrp.2020.11.6.05","article-title":"Use, awareness, knowledge and beliefs of medication during pregnancy in Malaysia","volume":"11","author":"Alani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Osong Public Health Res. Perspect."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00735","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.735","article-title":"Self\u2010medication among pregnant women attending outpatients\u2019 clinics in northern Jordan\u2010a cross\u2010sectional study","volume":"9","author":"Alsous","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res. Perspect."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-020-2736-2","article-title":"Self-medication and knowledge among pregnant women attending primary healthcare services in malang, Indonesia: A cross-sectional study","volume":"20","author":"Atmadani","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"B5","unstructured":"Monograph of the province of Settat2018"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0194240","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194240","article-title":"Pattern of medication selling and self-medication practices: A study from Punjab, Pakistan","volume":"13","author":"Aziz","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B7","first-page":"580","article-title":"Attitude and practice of pregnant women regarding self-medication in Yazd, Iran","volume":"16","author":"Baghianimoghadam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Iran. Med."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-0105.128253","article-title":"Self-medication: A current challenge","volume":"5","author":"Bennadi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Basic Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.20099","article-title":"First trimester exposure to paroxetine and risk of cardiac malformations in infants: The importance of dosage","volume":"80","author":"B\u00e9rard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. B Dev. Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2014.02.010","article-title":"Self-medication among adolescents aged 18 Years: The 1993 pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study","volume":"55","author":"Bertoldi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"B52","article-title":"L\u2019autom\u00e9dication chez la femme enceinte : la pr\u00e9carit\u00e9 comme facteur de risque?","author":"Biblot","year":"2013","journal-title":"M\u00e9decine humaine et pathologie"},{"key":"B11","first-page":"2517","article-title":"Over-the-Counter medications in pregnancy","volume":"67","author":"Black","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"B12","first-page":"68","article-title":"Utilization of over the counter medication among pregnant women; a cross-sectional study conducted at Isra University Hospital, Hyderabad","volume":"66","author":"Bohio","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pak. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt183","article-title":"Prenatal paracetamol exposure and child neurodevelopment: A sibling-controlled cohort study","volume":"42","author":"Brandlistuen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1177\/030006059602400301","article-title":"Pan-European survey of patients\u2019 attitudes to antibiotics and antibiotic use","volume":"24","author":"Branthwaite","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2017.10.023","article-title":"Paracetamol medication during pregnancy: Insights on intake frequencies, dosages and effects on hematopoietic stem cell populations in cord blood from a longitudinal prospective pregnancy cohort","volume":"26","author":"Bremer","year":"2017","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogoh.2016.10.005","article-title":"Intended and actual use of self-medication and alternative products during pregnancy by French women","volume":"46","author":"Cabut","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Gynecol. Obstet. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334418775630","article-title":"Medication use during pregnancy and lactation in a Dutch population","volume":"35","author":"De Waard","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hum. Lact."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2017.27.183.10030","article-title":"Self-medication and its risk factors among women before and during pregnancy","volume":"27","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pan Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"B19","unstructured":"Anatomie et physiologie humaines (9e \u00e9dition) - renouveau Pedagogique - grand format\n            ElaineN. M.\n            HoehnK.\n            NancyL.\n          2021"},{"key":"B20","unstructured":"2\u00e8me \u00e9dition.pdf2018"},{"key":"B21","unstructured":"FDA drug safety communication: FDA has reviewed possible risks of pain medicine use during pregnancy2019"},{"key":"B23","unstructured":"Pregnancy and lactation labeling (drugs) final rule2021"},{"key":"B24","first-page":"72063","article-title":"Content and format of labeling for human prescription drug and biological products; requirements for pregnancy and lactation labeling. Final rule","volume":"79","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fed. Regist."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1080\/07399332.2020.1716235","article-title":"Self-medication among pregnant women in two municipalities in the Central Region of Ghana","volume":"42","author":"Gbagbo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Care Women Int."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233708089018","article-title":"A study of the teratogenic and fetotoxic effects of large doses of chlordiazepoxide used for self-poisoning by 35 pregnant women","volume":"24","author":"Gidai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol. Ind. Health"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.07.023","article-title":"Aspirin use during pregnancy and the risk of bleeding complications: A Swedish population-based cohort study","volume":"224","author":"Hastie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028015606469","article-title":"Association between prenatal acetaminophen exposure and future risk of attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in children","volume":"49","author":"Hoover","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Pharmacother."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01063","article-title":"Self-medication and contributing factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care at public hospitals of harar town, Ethiopia","volume":"9","author":"Jambo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/IJTDH\/2017\/28248","article-title":"Self-medication among pregnant women attending ante-natal clinics in jos-north, Nigeria","volume":"21","author":"Joseph","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Trop. Dis. Health"},{"key":"B31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence and attitude regarding non prescribed medications among pregnant women attending maternal and child health care centers in assiut city","volume":"7","author":"Khalaf","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Heal. Sci. (IOSR-JNHS)"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15010068","article-title":"Self-medication practice and associated factors among residents in wuhan, China","volume":"15","author":"Lei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.1591","article-title":"Maternal use of acetaminophen during pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorders in childhood: A Danish national birth cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Liew","year":"2016","journal-title":"Autism Res."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e004365","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-004365","article-title":"Medication use in pregnancy: A cross-sectional, multinational web-based study","volume":"4","author":"Lupattelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E989","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17030989","article-title":"Medication use among pregnant women from the 2015 pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study","volume":"17","author":"Lutz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-017-1642-8","article-title":"Self-medication among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at makongoro health centre in mwanza, Tanzania: A challenge to health systems","volume":"18","author":"Marwa","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612825666190321110420","article-title":"Women\u2019s beliefs about medicines and adherence to pharmacotherapy in pregnancy: Opportunities for community pharmacists","volume":"25","author":"Michael","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"B38","first-page":"272","article-title":"Prevalence and reasons of self-medication in pregnant women: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Mohseni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Community Based Nurs. Midwifery"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0198618","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198618","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes, and practice regarding medication use in pregnant women in Southern Italy","volume":"13","author":"Navaro","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0251725","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251725","article-title":"Self-medication practice and contributing factors among pregnant women","volume":"16","author":"Niriayo","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-012-9665-8","article-title":"Drug use before and during pregnancy in Serbia","volume":"34","author":"Odalovic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respe.2015.03.092","article-title":"Profil de l\u2019autom\u00e9dication chez des patients dans la r\u00e9gion de Rabat-Sal\u00e9-Zemmour-Zair, Maroc","volume":"63","author":"Oirdi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Revue d'Epidemiologie. de Sante Publique"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2936862","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of self-medication among pregnant women on antenatal care follow-up at university of gondar comprehensive specialized hospital in gondar, northwest Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study","volume":"2020","author":"Sema","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NMC.0000000000000537","article-title":"Safety of over-the-counter medications in pregnancy","author":"Stanley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Maternal\/Child Nursing"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-08622-8","article-title":"Demographic, socio-economic and other associated risk factors for self-medication behaviour among University students of Sri Lanka: A cross sectional study","volume":"20","author":"Subashini","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/S1637-4088(07)79647-5","article-title":"Suivi et Orientation des femmes enceintes en fonction des situations \u00e0 risque identifi\u00e9es","volume":"6","year":"2007","journal-title":"La Rev. Sage-Femme"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-020-01203-0","article-title":"Assessment of community pharmacy management towards self-medication requests of tetracyclines for pregnant women: A simulated client study in upper Egypt","volume":"43","author":"Tawfik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S277098","article-title":"Self-medication and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care at kemisie general hospital, North East Ethiopia","volume":"14","author":"Tuha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Patient prefer. Adherence"},{"key":"B22","volume-title":"Pregnancy and lac tation labeling (drugs) final rule","year":"2015"},{"key":"B49","unstructured":"Guidelines for the regulatory assessment of medicinal products for use in self-medication2000"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s42269-020-00351-7","article-title":"Prevalence and associated risk factors of self-medication among patients attending El-Mahsama family practice center, Ismailia, Egypt","volume":"44","author":"Zeid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bull. Natl. Res. Cent."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3821-8","article-title":"Self-medication during pregnancy and associated factors among pregnant women in goba town, southeast Ethiopia: A community based cross sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Zewdie","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Res. Notes"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2022.812060\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]],"date-time":"2022-08-16T05:16:34Z","timestamp":1660626994000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2022.812060\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2022.812060"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2022.812060","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]]},"article-number":"812060"}}