{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T19:10:14Z","timestamp":1788981014175,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018684","name":"National Health Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018684","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> The overuse of antibiotics is a serious public health problem and a major challenge in China, and China lacks up-to-date evidence on the nationwide antibiotic use in different healthcare settings. The changes of China\u2019s antibiotic use under the COVID-19 pandemic are still unknown.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold> This study aimed to investigate the use of antibiotics in China\u2019s public medical institutions based on a three-year nationwide surveillance and to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on China\u2019s antibiotic consumption.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> This study used nationwide drug procurement data from the China Drug Supply Information Platform (CDSIP). We retrospectively analyzed antibiotic procurement data of 9,176 hospitals and 39,029 primary healthcare centers (PHCs) from 31 provinces in mainland China from January 2018 to December 2020. Antibiotic utilization was measured by defined daily doses (DDDs) and DDD per 1,000 inhabitants per day (DID). Generalized linear regression models were established to quantify the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on antibiotic use.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> The total antibiotic consumption among all healthcare settings increased from 12.94 DID in 2018 to 14.45 DID in 2019, and then dropped to 10.51 DID in 2020. More than half of antibiotics were consumed in PHCs, especially in central regions (59%\u201368%). The use of penicillins (J01C) and cephalosporins (J01D) accounted for 32.02% and 28.86% of total antibiotic consumption in 2020. During 2018\u20132020, parenteral antibiotics accounted for 31%\u201336% of total antibiotic consumption; the proportion is more prominent in central and western regions and the setting of hospitals. Access category antibiotics comprised 40%\u201342% of the total utilization. Affected by COVID-19, the antibiotic consumption was significantly dropped both in hospitals (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = \u2212.11, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; .001) and PHCs (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = \u2212.17, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; .001), as well as in total (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = \u2212.14, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; .001). Significant increments were observed in the proportion of total antibiotics (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = .02, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = .024) consumed in hospitals (against the consumption in all healthcare settings), as well as parenteral antibiotics (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = 1.73, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = .001).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> The consistent preferred use of penicillin and cephalosporin, as well as injections, among China\u2019s public healthcare institutions should draw concern. China\u2019s antibiotic consumption significantly declined during the COVID-19 pandemic, which brings opportunities for antibiotic use management in China.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.813213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T06:33:05Z","timestamp":1644820385000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Antibiotic Use in China\u2019s Public Healthcare Institutions During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Analysis of Nationwide Procurement Data, 2018\u20132020"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ying","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaotong","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruonan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zongfu","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.11669\/cpj.2017.24.016","article-title":"Analysis of Outpatient Prescriptions Investigation and Rational Drug Use in Primary Health Care Institutions of Jiangsu Province","volume":"52","author":"Bai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. 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