{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T16:07:47Z","timestamp":1792253267183,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>) is a Gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the human stomach leading to the development of chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers and gastric adenocarcinoma. A combination of host, environment and bacterial virulence factors contribute to disease development. The <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> TNF\u03b1 inducing protein (Tip\u0251) is a virulence factor shown to induce multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines in addition to TNF\u03b1 <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>. The goal of the present study was to elucidate the role of Tip\u03b1 in promoting inflammation <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> and to identify the molecular pathways associated with Tip\u03b1 associated virulence. Mice were infected with wild-type Sydney strain (SS1) or a <jats:italic>tip\u03b1<\/jats:italic> mutant (\u0394<jats:italic>tip\u03b1<\/jats:italic>) for 1\u00a0month and 4\u00a0months. We also completed a second 4 months infection including a 1:1 SS1 to \u0394<jats:italic>tip\u03b1<\/jats:italic> co-infected group in addition to SS1 and \u0394<jats:italic>tip\u03b1<\/jats:italic> infected groups. The expression of TNF\u03b1, and KC were significantly higher in the SS1 infected group compared to both uninfected control (na\u00efve) and \u0394<jats:italic>tip\u03b1<\/jats:italic> groups. Mice infected with Tip\u03b1 expressing SS1 induced more severe histological gastritis and developed hyperplasia compared to \u0394tip\u03b1 infected mice. Microarray analysis of gastric epithelial cells co-cultured with recombinant Tip\u03b1 (rTip\u03b1) demonstrates up-regulation of the NF\u03baB pathway. This data suggest Tip\u03b1 plays an important role in <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> induced inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.817237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]],"date-time":"2022-02-14T10:16:01Z","timestamp":1644833761000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["The TNF-Alpha Inducing Protein is Associated With Gastric Inflammation and Hyperplasia in a Murine Model of Helicobacter pylori Infection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lindsay","family":"Morningstar-Wright","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven J.","family":"Czinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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