{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T22:15:52Z","timestamp":1782771352262,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]],"date-time":"2022-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81971962"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81971962"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017600","name":"Science Research Foundation of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017600","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014417","name":"Fundamental Research Fund of Shandong University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014417","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018546","name":"Postdoctoral Innovation Project of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018546","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Toxoplasmosis, caused by <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>, is a common disease worldwide and could be severe and even fatal in immunocompromised individuals and fetuses. Limitation in current available treatment options drives the need to develop novel therapeutics. This study assessed the anti-<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> potential of 103 marine natural products. A luminescence-based \u03b2-galactosidase activity assay was used to screen the marine natural products library. Afterward, those compounds that displayed over 70% parasite inhibition ratio were further chosen to assess their cytotoxicity. Compounds exhibiting low cytotoxicity (\u226580% cell viability) were applied to evaluate the inhibition efficacy on discrete steps of the <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> lytic cycle, including invasion, intracellular growth, and egress abilities as well as the cell cycle. We found that both estradiol benzoate and octyl gallate caused &amp;gt;70% inhibition of tachyzoite growth with IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> values of 4.41\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.94 and 5.66\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.35\u00a0\u03bcM, respectively, and displayed low cytotoxicity with TD<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> values of 34.11\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.86 and 26.4\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.98\u00a0\u03bcM, respectively. Despite their defects in inhibition of invasion and egress of tachyzoite, the two compounds markedly inhibited the tachyzoite intracellular replication. Flow cytometric analyses further suggested that the anti-<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> activity of estradiol benzoate, rather than octyl gallate, may be linked to halting cell cycle progression of tachyzoite from G1 to S phase. Taken together, these findings suggest that both estradiol benzoate and octyl gallate are potential inhibitors for anti-<jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> infection and support the further exploration of marine natural products as a thinkable source of alternative and active agents against <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.841941","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]],"date-time":"2022-03-17T10:25:56Z","timestamp":1647512756000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Investigation of Antiparasitic Activity of Two Marine Natural Products, Estradiol Benzoate, and Octyl Gallate, on Toxoplasma gondii In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Daiqiang","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nian-Zhang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinning","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianqian","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaozi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Cong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2017.08.001","article-title":"\u03b2-Estradiol-3-benzoate Confers Neuroprotection in Parkinson MPP+ Rat Model through Inhibition of Lipid Peroxidation","volume":"126","author":"Aguirre-Vidal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577426","article-title":"Protection Induced by Estradiol Benzoate in the MPP+ Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease Is Associated with the Regulation of the Inflammatory Cytokine Profile in the Nigro Striatum","volume":"349","author":"Aguirre-Vidal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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