{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T12:21:06Z","timestamp":1783340466160,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Parkia biglobosa<\/jats:italic> (Jacq.) R. Br. (Fabaceae) is a widely distributed tree, used in traditional medicine to treat amebiasis, hookworm infection, ascariasis, asthma, sterility, dental pain, headaches, cardiac disorders, and epilepsy. To date, no study on the effect of an aqueous extract of <jats:italic>P. biglobosa<\/jats:italic> on epileptogenesis and associated neuropsychiatric disorders has been undertaken. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate antiepileptogenic-, antiamnesic-, and anxiolytic-like effects of an aqueous extract of <jats:italic>P. biglobosa<\/jats:italic> using pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced kindling in mice. Animals were divided into six groups of eight mice each. Thus, a PTZ group received distilled water (10\u00a0ml\/kg, <jats:italic>per o<\/jats:italic>s), a positive control group received sodium valproate (300\u00a0mg\/kg, <jats:italic>p.o<\/jats:italic>.), and three test groups received the aqueous extract of <jats:italic>P. biglobosa<\/jats:italic> (80, 160, and 320\u00a0mg\/kg, <jats:italic>p.o<\/jats:italic>.).In addition, a control group of eight mice receiving distilled water (10\u00a0ml\/kg, <jats:italic>p.o<\/jats:italic>.) was formed. The treatments were administered to mice, 60\u00a0min before administration of PTZ (20\u00a0mg\/kg, i.p.). These co-administrations were performed once daily, for 22\u00a0days. The number and duration of seizures (stages 1, 2, 3, and 4 of seizures) exhibited by each mouse were assessed for 30\u00a0min during the treatment period. Twenty-four hours following the last administration of the treatments and PTZ, novel object recognition and T-maze tests were performed to assess working memory impairment in mice, while the open field test was performed to assess anxiety-like behavior. After these tests, the animals were sacrificed, and the hippocampi were collected for biochemical and histological analysis. During the period of PTZ-kindling, the extract at all doses completely (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001) protected all mice against stages 3 and 4 of seizures when compared to sodium valproate, a standard antiepileptic drug. The extract also significantly (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001) attenuated working memory impairment and anxiety-like behavior. In post-mortem brain analyses, the extract significantly (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001) increased \u03b3-aminobutyric acid (GABA) level and reduced oxidative stress and inflammation. Histological analysis showed that the aqueous extract attenuated neuronal degeneration\/necrosis in the hippocampus. These results suggest that the extract is endowed with antiepileptogenic-, anti-amnesic-, and anxiolytic-like effects. These effects seem to be mediated in part by GABAergic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. These results suggest the merit of further studies to isolate the bioactive molecules responsible for these potentially therapeutically relevant effects of the extract.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.995881","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T08:55:36Z","timestamp":1666601736000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Aqueous extract of Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) R. Br. (Fabaceae) exerts antiepileptogenic, anti-amnesic, and anxiolytic-like effects in mice via mechanisms involving antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Antoine Kavaye","family":"Kandeda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soline","family":"Menvouta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Symphorien Talom","family":"Mabou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Kouamouo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Th\u00e9ophile","family":"Dimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3109","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24173109","article-title":"Neuroprotective potential of secondary metabolites from Melicope lunu-ankenda (Rutaceae)","volume":"24","author":"Abdulwanis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2019.106632","article-title":"Effect of rutin on anxiety-like behavior and activity of acetylcholinesterase isoforms in specific brain regions of pentylenetetrazol-treated mice","volume":"102","author":"Anesti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.12.049","article-title":"Herbal medicine for epilepsy seizures in asia, Africa and Latin America: A systematic review","volume":"234","author":"Auditeau","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B3","first-page":"131","article-title":"\u00c9tude comparative des compos\u00e9s ph\u00e9noliques, du pouvoir antioxydant de diff\u00e9rentes vari\u00e9t\u00e9s de sorgho s\u00e9n\u00e9galais et des enzymes amylolytiques de leur malt","volume":"14","author":"Ba","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Envir."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1080\/10496475.2019.1663770","article-title":"Antioxidant and antidiarrhoeal activities of methanolic extracts of stem bark of Parkia biglobosa and leaves of Parquetina nigrescens","volume":"26","author":"Banwo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Herbs Spices Med. Plants"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2016.07.032","article-title":"Lectins from Parkia biglobosa and Parkia platycephala: A comparative study of structure and biological effects","volume":"92","author":"Bari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000802","article-title":"Epilepsy, antiepileptic drugs and dementia","volume":"33","author":"Beghi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00588","article-title":"Kainic acid-induced post status epilepticus models of temporal lobe epilepsy with diverging seizure phenotype and neuropathology","volume":"8","author":"Bertoglio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2022.105733","article-title":"Commonly-used rodent tests of anxiety-like behavior lack predictive validity for human sex differences","volume":"141","author":"B\u00f6rchers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/bjpr\/2012\/906","article-title":"Toxicity studies of the extracts of Parkia biglobosa stem bark in rats","volume":"1","author":"Builders","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S178","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2018.1551776","article-title":"Nutritional and medicinal properties of underexploited legume trees from West Africa","volume":"59","author":"Burlando","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-021-03445-4","article-title":"The anticonvulsant effects of alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist dexmedetomidine on pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in rats","volume":"47","author":"Cetindag Ciltas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2017.08.039","article-title":"Psychiatric and behavioral side effects of antiepileptic drugs in adults with epilepsy","volume":"76","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20620","article-title":"Structure-specific analysis of the hippocampus in temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"19","author":"Das","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.10.066","article-title":"Prevention of pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling and behavioral comorbidities in mice by levetiracetam combined with the GLP-1 agonist liraglutide: Involvement of brain antioxidant and BDNF upregulating properties","volume":"109","author":"De Souza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.3989\/gya.010109","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of the methanol extract of Ferula assafoetida and its essential oil composition","volume":"60","author":"Dehpour","year":"2009","journal-title":"Grassas Aceites"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142301.ns0937s58","article-title":"Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) kindling model of epilepsy","volume":"9","author":"Dhir","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Neurosci."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5577163","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5577163","article-title":"Antiamnesic and neuroprotective effects of an aqueous extract of Ziziphus jujuba mill.(rhamnaceae) on scopolamine-induced cognitive impairments in rats","volume":"2021","author":"Djeuzong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evid. Based. Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2022.2107516","article-title":"Evaluation of repeated ghrelin administration on seizures, oxidative stress and neurochemical parameters in pentyleneterazole induced kindling in rats","volume":"28","author":"Erkec","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.22037\/ijpr.2019.1100670","article-title":"Myristica fragrans Houtt extract attenuates neuronal loss and glial activation in pentylenetetrazol-induced kindling model","volume":"18","author":"Ghorbanian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"B19","first-page":"105","article-title":"Qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytochemicals in five Pteris species","volume":"5","author":"Gracelin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-4269-4-26","article-title":"Ethnopharmacological survey of six medicinal plants from Mali, West-Africa","volume":"4","author":"Gr\u00f8nhaug","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed."},{"key":"B21","first-page":"551","article-title":"Total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of different extracts and fractions from the aerial parts of Artemisia biennis Willd","volume":"13","author":"Hatami","year":"2014","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-801238-3.96594-2","article-title":"GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain","volume-title":"Ref. Modul. Biomed. Sci.","author":"Hinton","year":"2018"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2016.1189057","article-title":"Resveratrol suppressed seizures by attenuating IL-1\u03b2, IL1-Ra, IL-6, and TNF-\u03b1 in the hippocampus and cortex of kindled mice","volume":"20","author":"Hoda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3390\/ph10030075","article-title":"Behavioral and neurochemical consequences of pentylenetetrazol-induced kindling in young and middle-aged rats","volume":"10","author":"Hoeller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharm. (Basel)"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.5740\/jaoacint.18-0418","article-title":"Health benefits of culinary herbs and spices","volume":"102","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e09549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e09549","article-title":"An aqueous extract of Khaya senegalensis (Desv.) A. Juss.(Meliaceae) prevents seizures and reduces anxiety in kainate-treated rats: Modulation of GABA neurotransmission, oxidative stress, and neuronal loss in the hippocampus","volume":"2022","author":"Kandeda","year":"","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2022.108611","article-title":"An aqueous extract of Lantana camara attenuates seizures, memory impairment, and anxiety in kainate-treated mice: Evidence of GABA level, oxidative stress, immune and neuronal loss modulation","volume":"129","author":"Kandeda","year":"","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114338","article-title":"Pergularia daemia hydro-ethanolic extract protects against pentylenetetrazole kindling-induced seizures, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation in mice","volume":"279","author":"Kandeda","year":"","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107707","article-title":"Pergularia daemia alters epileptogenesis and attenuates cognitive impairment in kainate-treated mice: Insight into anti-inflammatory mechanisms","volume":"115","author":"Kandeda","year":"","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6610864","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6610864","article-title":"Ziziphus jujuba (rhamnaceae) alleviates working memory impairment and restores neurochemical alterations in the prefrontal cortex of D-galactose-treated rats","volume":"2021","author":"Kandeda","year":"","journal-title":"Evid. Based. Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-022-01050-0","article-title":"An aqueous macerate of Ziziphus jujuba reduces long-term spatial memory impairment in D-galactose treated rats: Role of anti-inflammatory pathways","volume":"37","author":"Kandeda","year":"","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-022-01052-y","article-title":"An aqueous extract of Syzygium cumini protects against kainate-induced status epilepticus and amnesia: Evidence for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory intervention","volume":"37","author":"Kandeda","year":"","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00440","article-title":"Antiepileptogenic and neuroprotective effects of Pergularia daemia on pilocarpine model of epilepsy","volume":"8","author":"Kandeda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326290","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/326290","article-title":"Parkia biglobosa improves mitochondrial functioning and protects against neurotoxic agents in rat brain hippocampal slices","volume":"2014","author":"Komolafe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1573(200012)14:8<635::aid-ptr427>3.0.co;2-t","article-title":"Analgesic and antiinflammatory activities of an extract from Parkia biglobosa used in traditional medicine in the Ivory Coast","volume":"14","author":"Kouadio","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-8994-2_9","article-title":"The open field test for measuring locomotor activity and anxiety-like behavior","volume":"1916","author":"Kraeuter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2009.11.002","article-title":"Application of statistical power analysis\u2013How to determine the right sample size in human health, comfort and productivity research","volume":"45","author":"Lan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Build Env."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1111\/fcp.12598","article-title":"Lacosamide improves biochemical, genotoxic, and mitochondrial parameters after PTZ-kindling model in mice","volume":"35","author":"Lazzarotto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2020.12.009","article-title":"Butyrate alleviates PTZ-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and neuron apoptosis in mice via Keap1\/Nrf2\/HO-1 pathway","volume":"168","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1958.tb12604.x","article-title":"The fluorometric measurement of glutamic decarboxylase and its distribution in brain","volume":"3","author":"Lowe","year":"1958","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11050946","article-title":"Influence of resveratrol on the immune response","volume":"11","author":"Malaguarnera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B41","first-page":"14","article-title":"Anti-onchocercal activity and in vivo toxicity of methanolic extract of Canarium schweinfurthii (Burseraceae) from the equatorial region (Cameroon)","volume":"28","author":"Mang\u2019dobara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cameroon J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B42","first-page":"1","article-title":"An introduction to antioxidants and their roles in plant stress tolerance","volume-title":"Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant systems in plants: Role and regulation under abiotic stress","author":"Mehla","year":"2017"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.113509","article-title":"Cognition and memory impairment attenuation via reduction of oxidative stress in acute and chronic mice models of epilepsy using antiepileptogenic Nux vomica","volume":"267","author":"Mishra","year":"","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2020.107653","article-title":"Efficacy of Cicuta virosa medicinal preparations against pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures","volume":"115","author":"Mishra","year":"","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"B45","first-page":"109","volume-title":"Determination of the level of superoxide dismutase in whole blood","author":"Misra","year":"1972"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.29169\/1927-5951.2020.10.03.4","article-title":"Parkia biglobosa (Mimosaceae): Botany, uses, phytochemical properties and pharmacological potential","volume":"10","author":"Musara","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Nutr. Sci."},{"key":"B47","article-title":"Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Nayak","year":"2022"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-4-4","article-title":"Dietary protein restriction causes modification in aluminum-induced alteration in glutamate and GABA system of rat brain","volume":"4","author":"Nayak","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1016\/s0278-6915(01)00077-1","article-title":"Effects of aluminium exposure on brain glutamate and GABA systems: An experimental study in rats","volume":"39","author":"Nayak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5988","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18115988","article-title":"African herbal medicines: Adverse effects and cytotoxic potentials with different therapeutic applications","volume":"18","author":"Okaiyeto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2021.1938228","article-title":"Computational, chemical profiling and biochemical evaluation of antidiabetic potential of Parkia biglobosa stem bark extract in type 2 model of rats","volume":"40","author":"Oyedemi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2022.108632","article-title":"Male rats are more vulnerable to pentylenetetrazole-kindling model but females have more spatial memory-related deficits","volume":"129","author":"Pollo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-10-239","article-title":"Inhibition of nitric oxide in LPS-stimulated macrophages of young and senescent mice by \u03b4-tocotrienol and quercetin","volume":"10","author":"Qureshi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(72)90177-0","article-title":"Modification of seizure activity by electrical stimulation. II. Motor seizure","volume":"32","author":"Racine","year":"1972","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3159","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.378","article-title":"Assay for quantitative determination of glutathione and glutathione disulfide levels using enzymatic recycling method","volume":"1","author":"Rahman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X18666200106155127","article-title":"Neuroprotective polyphenols: A modulatory action on neurotransmitter pathways","volume":"18","author":"Rebas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.2174\/1871524920999200831153214","article-title":"Anti-convulsant action and attenuation of oxidative stress by citrus limon peel extracts in PTZ and MES induced convulsion in albino rats","volume":"20","author":"Sahu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cent. Nerv. Syst. Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E618","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020618","article-title":"Genus Parkia: Phytochemical, medicinal uses, and pharmacological properties","volume":"22","author":"Saleh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13652","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis suggests a role for the differential expression of cerebral aquaporins and the MAPK signalling pathway in human temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"46","author":"Salman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13769","article-title":"Anxiety and depressive disorders in people with epilepsy: A meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"Scott","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e52434","DOI":"10.3791\/52434","article-title":"Use of the open field maze to measure locomotor and anxiety-like behavior in mice","volume":"6","author":"Seibenhener","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612073","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2021.612073","article-title":"Neuropathophysiological mechanisms and treatment strategies for post-traumatic epilepsy","volume":"14","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56573","DOI":"10.3791\/56573","article-title":"Pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling mouse model","volume":"2","author":"Shimada","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4667","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094667","article-title":"Effects of lacosamide treatment on epileptogenesis, neuronal damage and behavioral comorbidities in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"22","author":"Shishmanova-Doseva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2018.02.011","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of Nrf2 activator dimethyl fumarate, on the hippocampal neurons in chemical kindling model in rat","volume":"143","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-021-00823-3","article-title":"PTZ kindling model for epileptogenesis, refractory epilepsy, and associated comorbidities: Relevance and reliability","volume":"36","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.4314\/jasem.v26i2.14","article-title":"Ethnomedicinal survey and phytochemical screening of plants used to treat epilepsy by traditional healers in etche, rivers state, Nigeria","volume":"26","author":"Suleiman","year":"2022","journal-title":"jasem."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2021.107869","article-title":"Behavioral comorbidities of epilepsy and neuroinflammation: Evidence from experimental and clinical studies","volume":"117","author":"Suleymanova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"key":"B69","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Brancroft's teory and practice of histological techniques","author":"Survana","year":"2019"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(74)90188-9","article-title":"Effects of acute and chronic pentobarbitone on the gamma-aminobutyric acid system in rat brain","volume":"23","author":"Sutton","year":"1974","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2017.07.008","article-title":"Altered expression of GABA-A receptor subunits in the hippocampus of PTZ-kindled rats","volume":"70","author":"Szyndler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2017.05.013","article-title":"Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors differentially attenuate pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures and increase of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of mice","volume":"810","author":"Temp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000659","article-title":"Teratogenicity of antiepileptic drugs","volume":"32","author":"Tomson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.7324\/JAPS.2012.2718","article-title":"Bioactive Compounds of the stem bark of Parkia biglobosa","volume":"2","author":"Udobi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Appl. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775781","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.775781","article-title":"Temporal lobe epilepsy and psychiatric comorbidity","volume":"12","author":"Vinti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2022.173357","article-title":"QCTA-1, a quinoline derivative, ameliorates pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling and memory comorbidity in mice: Involvement of antioxidant system of brain","volume":"215","author":"Vogt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"B77","first-page":"305","article-title":"The thiobarbituric acid reagent as a test for the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids by various agents","volume":"24","author":"Wilbur","year":"1949","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2020.08.009","article-title":"Salidroside shows anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects by activating the Nrf2-ARE pathway in a pentylenetetrazol-kindling epileptic model","volume":"164","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.113794","article-title":"Chaihu-Longgu-Muli Decoction exerts an antiepileptic effect in rats by improving pyroptosis in hippocampal neurons","volume":"270","author":"Xia","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E940","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23040940","article-title":"Panax notoginseng saponins: A review of its mechanisms of antidepressant or anxiolytic effects and network analysis on phytochemistry and Pharmacology","volume":"23","author":"Xie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.22038\/ajp.2014.1519","article-title":"Neuropharmacological effects of standardized aqueous stem bark extract of Parkia biglobossa in Wistar rats","volume":"4","author":"Yahaya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Avicenna J. Phytomed."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.4314\/njpr.v17i1.7","article-title":"Toxicity study and anticonvulsant effect of ethanol leaf extract of Piliostigma thonningii milne-redhead (fabaceae)","volume":"17","author":"Yakubu","year":"2021","journal-title":"njpr."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2022.995881\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T08:55:54Z","timestamp":1666601754000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2022.995881\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]]},"references-count":85,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2022.995881"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2022.995881","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]]},"article-number":"995881"}}