{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T16:30:52Z","timestamp":1790958652221,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018R1A2A3075684 2021R1A2C2010460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018R1A2A3075684 2021R1A2C2010460"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Panax ginseng<\/jats:italic>\n                    C.A. Meyer, a widely used traditional medicine in East Asia, shows many beneficial effects on immune function, male erectile dysfunction, cancer, excessive oxidants, and aging issues. However, its effect on benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and its potential in the treatment of side effects related to finasteride (Fi), an FDA-approved drug for BPH, are less known. This study aimed to verify the therapeutic effects of a water extract of\n                    <jats:italic>P. ginseng<\/jats:italic>\n                    (PGWE) on BPH in testosterone propionate (TP)-induced BPH rats and TP-treated RWPE-1 human epithelial cells, and the inhibitory potential on the Fi-induced side effects is also explored. In the TP-induced BPH rat model, PGWE alleviated the pathological markers of BPH such as weight and epithelial thickness of the prostate, and the serum level of dihydrotestosterone. PGWE downregulated androgen-related BPH factors such as 5\u03b1-reductase 2 and androgen receptor. PGWE also showed prostatic cell apoptosis accompanied by increased expression of Bax and decreased expression of Bcl-xL and cleaved-caspase 3, respectively, in addition to increasing mitochondrial dynamics in both\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    BPH models. Notably, reduced sperm count, one of the serious side effects of Fi, in the epididymis of BPH rats was recovered with PGWE treatment, suggesting less toxicity to sperm development by PGWE. PGWE also protected against Fi-induced sperm loss when PGWE was administered in combination with Fi without compromising the therapeutic effects of Fi on BPH. Based on these findings, we propose that PGWE could be an alternative therapeutic agent for BPH.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1039622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T23:46:47Z","timestamp":1673480807000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Panax ginseng C.A. meyer alleviates benign prostatic hyperplasia while preventing finasteride-induced side effects"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ja Yeon","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woo Yong","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gahee","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Se Jin","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beomsu","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minji","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinbong","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun Jeong","family":"Kwak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwang Seok","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun Hee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae-Young","family":"Um","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200932080-00003","article-title":"Serenoa repens (saw palmetto): A systematic review of adverse events","volume":"32","author":"Agbabiaka","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.4067\/S0034-98872016001200010","article-title":"Finasteride adverse effects: An update","volume":"144","author":"Carre\u00f1o-Orellana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Chil."},{"key":"B3","first-page":"167","article-title":"Finasteride: An update and review","volume":"64","author":"Cather","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3090","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13093090","article-title":"The effects of Korean red ginseng on biological aging and antioxidant capacity in postmenopausal women: A double-blind randomized controlled study","volume":"13","author":"Chung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2016.04.001","article-title":"The epidemiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia associated with lower urinary tract symptoms: Prevalence and incident rates","volume":"43","author":"Egan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Urol. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4402107","article-title":"Inhibiting Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission selectively prevents the release of cytochrome c during apoptosis","volume":"14","author":"Estaquier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3352","DOI":"10.1021\/cr020456u","article-title":"Chemistry and structural biology of androgen receptor","volume":"105","author":"Gao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6109","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.71.11.6109-6115.2003","article-title":"Apoptosis and the balance of homeostatic and pathologic responses to protozoan infection","volume":"71","author":"Gavrilescu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-126-2-1165","article-title":"Testosterone at high concentrations interacts with the human androgen receptor similarly to dihydrotestosterone","volume":"126","author":"Grino","year":"1990","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B10","first-page":"59","article-title":"Recent role of inflammation in prostate diseases: Chemoprevention development opportunity","volume":"43","author":"Hamid","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Med. Indones."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2010.207","article-title":"Estrogen and androgen signaling in the pathogenesis of BPH","volume":"8","author":"Ho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.08.003","article-title":"Immuno-enhancement effects of Korean red ginseng in healthy adults: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"45","author":"Hyun","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2011.03.010","article-title":"Recent advances in apoptosis, mitochondria and drug resistance in cancer cells","volume":"1807","author":"Indran","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Bioenerg."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.2174\/092986709788682146","article-title":"Current evaluation of the millennium phytomedicine-ginseng (I): Etymology, pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, market and regulations","volume":"16","author":"Jia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2008.05.004","article-title":"Long-term treatment with finasteride results in a clinically significant reduction in total prostate volume compared to placebo over the full range of baseline prostate sizes in men enrolled in the MTOPS trial","volume":"180","author":"Kaplan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"B16","first-page":"1539","article-title":"Panax ginseng","volume":"68","author":"Kiefer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. Fam. physician"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12186","article-title":"Endocrine control of benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"4","author":"La Vignera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2019.02.003","article-title":"Benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"46","author":"Langan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prim. Care"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5570","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102138","article-title":"Effects of inflammatory responses, apoptosis, and STAT3\/NF-\u03baB-and Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress on benign prostatic hyperplasia induced by a high-fat diet","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616149","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/616149","article-title":"The role of intrinsic pathway in apoptosis activation and progression in Peyronie\u2019s disease","volume":"2014","author":"Loreto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eursup.2009.02.003","article-title":"Transurethral resection of the prostate","volume":"8","author":"Marszalek","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Suppl."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410x.2003.04073.x","article-title":"Transurethral electrovaporization of the prostate: Is it any better than conventional transurethral resection of the prostate?","volume":"91","author":"Mcallister","year":"2003","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199802263380901","article-title":"The effect of finasteride on the risk of acute urinary retention and the need for surgical treatment among men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Finasteride Long-Term Efficacy and Safety Study Group","volume":"338","author":"Mcconnell","year":"1998","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-019-0199-x","article-title":"DRP-1 functions independently of mitochondrial structural perturbations to facilitate BH3 mimetic-mediated apoptosis","volume":"5","author":"Milani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell death Discov."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2015.1018799","article-title":"Benign prostatic hyperplasia and urinary symptoms: Evaluation and treatment","volume":"127","author":"Mobley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2011.04.006","article-title":"Androgens and estrogens in benign prostatic hyperplasia: Past, present and future","volume":"82","author":"Nicholson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.5489\/cuaj.10124","article-title":"2010 Update: Guidelines for the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"4","author":"Nickel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can. Urol. Assoc. J."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2016.03.016","article-title":"DRP1-dependent apoptotic mitochondrial fission occurs independently of BAX, BAK and APAF1 to amplify cell death by BID and oxidative stress","volume":"1857","author":"Oettinghaus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Bioenerg."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2434","article-title":"Cytochrome c: Functions beyond respiration","volume":"9","author":"Ow","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2010.02.010","article-title":"Benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"26","author":"Paolone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6369132","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6369132","article-title":"Aconiti Lateralis radix preparata, the dried root of Aconitum carmichaelii Debx., improves benign prostatic hyperplasia via suppressing 5-alpha reductase and inducing prostate cell apoptosis","volume":"2019","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21548","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202002491R","article-title":"Ellagic acid induces beige remodeling of white adipose tissue by controlling mitochondrial dynamics and SIRT3","volume":"35","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2021.159046","article-title":"PEX13 is required for thermogenesis of white adipose tissue in cold-exposed mice","volume":"1867","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abd.2020.02.001","article-title":"Post-finasteride syndrome","volume":"95","author":"Pereira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1038\/ijir.2008.55","article-title":"Pathology of benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"20","author":"Roehrborn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Impot. Res."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2016.12.013","article-title":"The prevention of benign prostatic hyperplasia (bph)","volume":"100","author":"Roper","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.5582\/ddt.2015.01004","article-title":"Chemical constituents and bioactivities of Panax ginseng (CA Mey.)","volume":"9","author":"Ru","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Ther."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2007.01956.x","article-title":"Alpha1-adrenoceptor subtypes and lower urinary tract symptoms","volume":"15","author":"Schwinn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1658508","article-title":"Mitochondrial dynamics and apoptosis","volume":"22","author":"Suen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13073-5","article-title":"Benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"361","author":"Thorpe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B41","volume-title":"WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants","year":"1999"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00658","article-title":"Efficacy and side effects of drugs commonly used for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/27.3.359","article-title":"Non-organ specific cancer prevention of ginseng: A prospective study in Korea","volume":"27","author":"Yun","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2023.1039622\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,11]],"date-time":"2023-01-11T23:46:53Z","timestamp":1673480813000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2023.1039622\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2023.1039622"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2023.1039622","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]},"article-number":"1039622"}}