{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:36:45Z","timestamp":1792629405022,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Globally, metabolic diseases are becoming a major public health problem. Herbal medicines are medicinal materials or preparations derived from plants and are widely used in the treatment of metabolic diseases due to their good curative effects and minimal side effects. Recent studies have shown that gut microbiota plays an important role in the herbal treatment of metabolic diseases. However, the mechanisms involved are still not fully understood. This review provides a timely and comprehensive summary of the interactions between herbal medicines and gut microbiota in metabolic diseases. Mechanisms by which herbal medicines treat metabolic diseases include their effects on the gut microbial composition, the intestinal barrier, inflammation, and microbial metabolites (e.g., short-chain fatty acids and bile acids). Herbal medicines can increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria (e.g., <jats:italic>Akkermansia<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Blautia<\/jats:italic>), reduce the abundance of harmful bacteria (e.g., <jats:italic>Escherichia<\/jats:italic>\u2013<jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>), protect the intestinal barrier, and alleviate inflammation. In turn, gut microbes can metabolize herbal compounds and thereby increase their bioavailability and bioactivity, in addition to reducing their toxicity. These findings suggest that the therapeutic effects of herbal medicines on metabolic diseases are closely related to their interactions with the gut microbiota. In addition, some methods, and techniques for studying the bidirectional interaction between herbal medicines and gut microbiota are proposed and discussed. The information presented in this review will help with a better understanding of the therapeutic mechanisms of herbal medicines and the key role of gut microbiota.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1105405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T04:27:19Z","timestamp":1679632039000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["The interplay between herbal medicines and gut microbiota in metabolic diseases"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Lijie","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoling","family":"Gou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yin","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingye","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaqian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leilei","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.109252","article-title":"The interaction between the gut Microbiota and herbal medicines","volume":"118","author":"An","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21111522","article-title":"CST, an herbal formula, exerts anti-obesity effects through brain-gut-adipose tissue axis modulation in high-fat diet fed mice","volume":"21","author":"Ansari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.10.043","article-title":"Response of gut microbiota and inflammatory status to bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) in high fat diet induced obese rats","volume":"194","author":"Bai","year":"2016","journal-title":"J."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00621-9","article-title":"Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics in microbiome investigations","volume":"20","author":"Bauermeister","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108238","article-title":"Bile acid metabolism and signaling, the microbiota, and metabolic disease","volume":"237","author":"Cai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2015.128","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids in control of body weight and insulin sensitivity","volume":"11","author":"Canfora","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1872134","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1872134","article-title":"JinQi Jiangtang tablet regulates gut microbiota and improve insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes mice","volume":"2019","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1718-x","article-title":"Gut-derived lipopolysaccharides increase post-prandial oxidative stress via Nox2 activation in patients with impaired fasting glucose tolerance: Effect of extra-virgin olive oil","volume":"58","author":"Carnevale","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7489","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8489","article-title":"Ganoderma lucidum reduces obesity in mice by modulating the composition of the gut microbiota","volume":"6","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfda.2018.12.011","article-title":"Next generation probiotics in disease amelioration","volume":"27","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2015.12.031","article-title":"Could the gut microbiota reconcile the oral bioavailability conundrum of traditional herbs","volume":"179","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2380","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02380","article-title":"Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Decoction ameliorates hyperglycemia and insulin resistant in association with gut microbiota modulation","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917266","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.917266","article-title":"Recent advances and perspectives on the health benefits of urolithin B, a bioactive natural product derived from ellagitannins","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s10389-017-0812-5","article-title":"The prevalence of gout in mainland China from 2000 to 2016: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Public Health"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3544","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02851-10","article-title":"Overestimation of the abundance of sulfate-reducing bacteria in human feces by quantitative PCR targeting the Desulfovibrio 16S rRNA gene","volume":"77","author":"Christophersen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01423","article-title":"A purified anthraquinone-glycoside preparation from Rhubarb ameliorates type 2 diabetes mellitus by modulating the gut microbiota and reducing inflammation","volume":"10","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-1213","article-title":"Microbiota-generated metabolites promote metabolic benefits via gut-brain neural circuits","volume":"156","author":"De Vadder","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2398","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-1213","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids protect against high-fat diet\u2013induced obesity via a PPAR\u03b3-dependent switch from lipogenesis to fat oxidation","volume":"64","author":"den Besten","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1617-9489","article-title":"Effect of gut microbiota on the metabolism of chemical constituents of Berberis kansuensis extract based on UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS technique","volume":"88","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.19540\/j.cnki.cjcmm.20190830.203","article-title":"Effects of gut microbiota on five absorbed components of Berberis kansuensis in rat serum by HPLC-QqQ-MS","volume":"45","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"China J. Chin. Materia Medica"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.112839","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived metabolites as key actors in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"149","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(05)66378-7","article-title":"The metabolic syndrome","volume":"365","author":"Eckel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10476","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0723864","article-title":"Iberian pig as a model to clarify obscure points in the bioavailability and metabolism of ellagitannins in humans","volume":"55","author":"Espin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270418","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/270418","article-title":"Biological significance of urolithins, the gut microbial ellagic acid-derived metabolites: The evidence so far","volume":"2013","author":"Espin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9066","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1219451110","article-title":"Cross-talk between Akkermansia muciniphila and intestinal epithelium controls diet-induced obesity","volume":"110","author":"Everard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0433-9","article-title":"Gut microbiota in human metabolic health and disease","volume":"19","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s43440-019-00024-x","article-title":"Baicalin and its aglycone: A novel approach for treatment of metabolic disorders","volume":"72","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Re"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12155","DOI":"10.1038\/srep12155","article-title":"Transforming berberine into its intestine-absorbable form by the gut microbiota","volume":"5","author":"Feng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.02.024","article-title":"Gut microbiota, a new frontier to understand traditional Chinese medicines","volume":"142","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2018.01.011","article-title":"Effects of Qijian mixture on type 2 diabetes assessed by metabonomics, gut microbiota and network pharmacology","volume":"130","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E107","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00372.2016","article-title":"Western-diet consumption induces alteration of barrier function mechanisms in the ileum that correlates with metabolic endotoxemia in rats","volume":"313","author":"Guerville","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153544","article-title":"Si Miao formula attenuates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by modulating hepatic lipid metabolism and gut microbiota","volume":"85","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1039\/b800402a","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of intestinal permeability: Interaction at tight junctions","volume":"4","author":"Hossain","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Biosyst."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05485","article-title":"Inflammation and metabolic disorders","volume":"444","author":"Hotamisligil","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104752","article-title":"Gut microbiota protects from triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity: Key role of propionate and its downstream signalling events","volume":"155","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153739","article-title":"Activation of AMPK by triptolide alleviates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by improving hepatic lipid metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis","volume":"92","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.001","article-title":"Personalized mapping of drug metabolism by the human gut microbiome","volume":"181","author":"Javdan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-018-0323-6","article-title":"Amelioration of hepatic steatosis is associated with modulation of gut microbiota and suppression of hepatic miR-34a in Gynostemma pentaphylla (Thunb.) Makino treated mice","volume":"15","author":"Jia","year":"","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.119","article-title":"Bile acid-microbiota crosstalk in gastrointestinal inflammation and carcinogenesis","volume":"15","author":"Jia","year":"","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2014.02.017","article-title":"Effects of compound K on hyperglycemia and insulin resistance in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"95","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2011.05.003","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rb1 and its metabolite compound K inhibit IRAK-1 activation--the key step of inflammation","volume":"82","author":"Joh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmaco"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00459","article-title":"Characterization of the gut microbiome using 16S or shotgun metagenomics","volume":"7","author":"Jovel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B42","unstructured":"DSpace at University of Toyama: Conversion of aconitine lipoaconitine by human intestinal bacteria and their antinociceptive effects in mice\n            KawataY.\n            Cho-meiM. A.\n            MeselhyM. R.\n            NakamuraN.\n            WangH.\n          1999"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.2131\/jts.37.363","article-title":"Protective role of intestinal bacterial metabolism against baicalin-induced toxicity in HepG2 cell cultures","volume":"37","author":"Khana","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.041","article-title":"From dietary fiber to host physiology: Short-chain fatty acids as key bacterial metabolites","volume":"165","author":"Koh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5982","DOI":"10.1021\/jf900470c","article-title":"Acetic acid upregulates the expression of genes for fatty acid oxidation enzymes in liver to suppress body fat accumulation","volume":"57","author":"Kondo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18259-0","article-title":"SCFAs strongly stimulate PYY production in human enteroendocrine cells","volume":"8","author":"Larraufie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2005.01068.x","article-title":"Hepatoprotective effect of ginsenoside Rb1 and compound K on tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced liver injury","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2019.103458","article-title":"Dendrobii Officinalis, a traditional Chinese edible and officinal plant, accelerates liver recovery by regulating the gut-liver axis in NAFLD mice","volume":"61","author":"Lei","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2019.153135","article-title":"Amelioration of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis by Qushi Huayu decoction is associated with inhibition of the intestinal mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway","volume":"66","author":"Leng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13381\/j.cnki.cjm.201904005","article-title":"Effects of Alisma orientale on the diversity of gut microbiota in rats fed on high-fat and high-sugar diet","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Front Chin. J. Microecology"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.13422\/j.cnki.syfjx.20210327","article-title":"Explore effect of Jieyu Qutan Huazhuo prescription on gut-liver axis of rats with high-fat diet based on 16S rDNA sequencing","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Chin. J. Exp. Traditional Med. Formulae"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-019-1647-6","article-title":"Hypoglycemic mechanism of polysaccharide from Cyclocarya paliurus leaves in type 2 diabetic rats by gut microbiota and host metabolism alteration","volume":"64","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2011.10.011","article-title":"Hypoglycemic effect of protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides and compound K on Type 2 Diabetes mice induced by High-Fat Diet combining with Streptozotocin via suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis","volume":"83","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.06.006","article-title":"Triptolide: Progress on research in pharmacodynamics and toxicology","volume":"155","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115333","article-title":"Penthorum chinense Pursh. extract attenuates non-alcholic fatty liver disease by regulating gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism in mice","volume":"294","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5378961","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5378961","article-title":"The potential effect of Chinese herbal formula hongqijiangzhi fang in improving NAFLD: Focusing on NLRP3 inflammasome and gut microbiota","volume":"2018","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-122886\/v1","article-title":"Jian-Gan-Xiao-Zhi decoction ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease through modulating gut microbiota, decreasing gut permeability, and alleviating liver inflammation","author":"Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Square"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3590","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i27.3590","article-title":"Lingguizhugan decoction attenuates diet-induced obesity and hepatosteatosis via gut microbiota","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1875796","article-title":"Blautia-a new functional genus with potential probiotic properties","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2020.02.012","article-title":"Gut microbial metabolites of aromatic amino acids as signals in host-microbe interplay","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2014.943023","article-title":"A brief review on possible approaches towards controlling sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in wastewater treatment systems","volume":"53","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Desalination Water Treat."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"843409","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.843409","article-title":"Naoxintong capsule alternates gut microbiota and prevents hyperlipidemia in high-fat-diet fed rats","volume":"13","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/mas.21553","article-title":"Mass spectrometry\u2010based metabolomics: Targeting the crosstalk between gut microbiota and brain in neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"38","author":"Luan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mass Spectrom. Rev."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pan.2019.01.021","article-title":"Short chain fatty acids, pancreatic dysfunction, and type 2 diabetes","volume":"19","author":"Mandaliya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pancreatology"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20539","article-title":"Intestinal barrier dysfunction in inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"15","author":"McGuckin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.2337\/db09-0367","article-title":"Experimental endotoxemia induces adipose inflammation and insulin resistance in humans","volume":"59","author":"Mehta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10070298","article-title":"Intestinal barrier function in chronic kidney disease","volume":"10","author":"Meijers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594150","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.594150","article-title":"Role of metabolic endotoxemia in systemic inflammation and potential interventions","volume":"11","author":"Mohammad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.102.040592","article-title":"Tyramine stimulates glucose uptake in insulin-sensitive tissues in vitro and in vivo via its oxidation by amine oxidases","volume":"303","author":"Morin","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2930","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7042930","article-title":"The role of microbial amino acid metabolism in host metabolism","volume":"7","author":"Neis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2017.12.026","article-title":"Polysaccharide from Plantago asiatica L. attenuates hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and affects colon microbiota in type 2 diabetic rats","volume":"86","author":"Nie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.15065","article-title":"Butyrate attenuates inflammation and lipolysis generated by the interaction of adipocytes and macrophages","volume":"20","author":"Ohira","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Atheroscler. Thromb."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37242-x","article-title":"Microbiome alteration in type 2 diabetes mellitus model of zebrafish","volume":"9","author":"Okazaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-322260","article-title":"Mucus barrier, mucins and gut microbiota: The expected slimy partners","volume":"69","author":"Paone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gcb.2010.03.009","article-title":"Targeting the TGR5-GLP-1 pathway to combat type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"34","author":"Pols","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Clin. Biol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3558","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7046","article-title":"Promising influences of Scutellaria baicalensis and its two active constituents, baicalin, and baicalein, against metabolic syndrome: A review","volume":"35","author":"Rahimi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytotherapy Res."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4285","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124285","article-title":"Urolithins: Diet-derived bioavailable metabolites to tackle diabetes","volume":"13","author":"Raimundo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1805418","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1805418","article-title":"An integrated fecal microbiome and metabolomics in T2DM rats reveal antidiabetes effects from host-microbial metabolic axis of EtOAc extract from Sophora flavescens","volume":"2020","author":"Shao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1934578X1501000","DOI":"10.1177\/1934578x1501000206","article-title":"Protective effect of compound K on diabetic rats","volume":"10","author":"Shao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2015.06.011","article-title":"Proteobacteria: Microbial signature of dysbiosis in gut microbiota","volume":"33","author":"Shin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.09.02.458484","article-title":"Metaproteomics as a tool for studying the protein landscape of human-gut bacterial species","author":"Stamboulian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Lab"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9020192","article-title":"Immunomodulatory role of urolithin a on metabolic diseases","volume":"9","author":"Toney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4531","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000098107","article-title":"Metabolic fate of polyphenols in the human superorganism","volume":"108","author":"van Duynhoven","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-020117-043559","article-title":"Microbial contribution to the human metabolome: Implications for health and disease","volume":"15","author":"van Treuren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03179919","article-title":"Effect of prolonged treatment with tyramine on glucose tolerance in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"59","author":"Visentin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.05.005","article-title":"Intestinal crosstalk between bile acids and microbiota and its impact on host metabolism","volume":"24","author":"Wahlstrom","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2234695","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/2234695","article-title":"Structural and functional modulation of gut microbiota by Jiangzhi granules during the amelioration of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"2021","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3685","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22094-2","article-title":"Xiexin Tang improves the symptom of type 2 diabetic rats by modulation of the gut microbiota","volume":"8","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610556","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.610556","article-title":"Qu-Zhuo-Tong-Bi decoction alleviates gouty arthritis by regulating butyrate-producing bacteria in mice","volume":"11","author":"Wen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.11.046","article-title":"Bi-directional drug-microbiome interactions of anti-diabetics","volume":"39","author":"Whang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ebiomedicine"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-020-00814-7","article-title":"The role of the gut microbiome and its metabolites in metabolic diseases","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-019-10174-w","article-title":"Scutellariae radix and Coptidis rhizoma ameliorate glycolipid metabolism of type 2 diabetic rats by modulating gut microbiota and its metabolites","volume":"104","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2637002100","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids stimulate leptin production in adipocytes through the G protein-coupled receptor GPR41","volume":"101","author":"Xiong","year":"2004","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21431","article-title":"Understanding the molecular mechanisms of the interplay between herbal medicines and gut microbiota","volume":"37","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2014.177","article-title":"Structural modulation of gut microbiota during alleviation of type 2 diabetes with a Chinese herbal formula","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.113995","article-title":"Berberis kansuensis extract alleviates type 2 diabetes in rats by regulating gut microbiota composition","volume":"273","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gpb.2019.09.007","article-title":"Antidiabetic effects of Gegen Qinlian decoction via the gut microbiota are attributable to its key ingredient berberine","volume":"18","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genomics Proteomics Bioinforma."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1984104","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1984104","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila: Is it the holy grail for ameliorating metabolic diseases","volume":"13","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10829","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-67362-2","article-title":"Integrated metabolomics and gut microbiome to the effects and mechanisms of naoxintong capsule on type 2 diabetes in rats","volume":"10","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B100","first-page":"1","article-title":"Efficacy and mechanism of Tianhuang formula in regulating lipid metabolism disorders in senile mice based on gut microbiota-T-\u03b2-MCA-FXR axis","author":"Yang","year":"","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Clin. Chin. Materia Medica"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113542","article-title":"Dual modulation of gut bacteria and fungi manifests the gut-based anti-hyperlipidemic effect of Coptidis Rhizoma","volume":"153","author":"Yang","year":"","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.109","article-title":"Global burden of NAFLD and NASH: Trends, predictions, risk factors and prevention","volume":"15","author":"Younossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881847","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.881847","article-title":"The dietary branched-chain amino acids transition and risk of type 2 diabetes among Chinese adults from 1997 to 2015: Based on seven cross-sectional studies and a prospective cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E73","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00256.2018","article-title":"Berberine alleviates insulin resistance by reducing peripheral branched-chain amino acids","volume":"316","author":"Yue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5150","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20205150","article-title":"Caulis spatholobi ameliorates obesity through activating Brown adipose tissue and modulating the composition of gut microbiota","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.036","article-title":"MDG, an Ophiopogon japonicus polysaccharide, inhibits non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by regulating the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila","volume":"196","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252434","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/252434","article-title":"In vivo and in vitro metabolites from the main diester and monoester diterpenoid alkaloids in a traditional Chinese herb, the aconitum species","volume":"2015","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2022.123189","article-title":"Shenqi compound ameliorates type-2 diabetes mellitus by modulating the gut microbiota and metabolites","volume":"1194","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biodatasci-031121-103035","article-title":"Metatranscriptomics for the human microbiome and microbial community functional profiling","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biomed. data Sci."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153477","article-title":"Amelioration of hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia by adjusting the interplay between gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism: Radix Scutellariae as a case","volume":"83","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450121666200324151530","article-title":"Pivotal role of the interaction between herbal medicines and gut microbiota on disease treatment","volume":"21","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-77072-5-3","article-title":"Studies on the biotransformation of aconitine in human intestinal bacteria using soft-ionization mass spectrometry","volume":"29","author":"Zhao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. J. Chin. Univ."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.2337\/db18-0927","article-title":"Targeting BCAA catabolism to treat obesity-associated insulin resistance","volume":"68","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-020-00516-1","article-title":"Gut bacteria Akkermansia is associated with reduced risk of obesity: Evidence from the American","volume":"17","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Proj. Nutr. Metabolism"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0135-7","article-title":"The fecal metabolome as a functional readout of the gut microbiome","volume":"50","author":"Zierer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2023.1105405\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T04:27:28Z","timestamp":1679632048000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2023.1105405\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"references-count":116,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2023.1105405"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2023.1105405","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]]},"article-number":"1105405"}}