{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T18:41:45Z","timestamp":1787856105523,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GRK2336 TP06 SCHM2663\/7 SFB1039 B04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRK2336 TP06 SCHM2663\/7 SFB1039 B04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005687","name":"Goethe-Universit\u00e4t Frankfurt Am Main","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Goethe Corona Fonds"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Goethe Corona Fonds"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005687","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The importance of biologically active lipid mediators, such as prostanoids, leukotrienes, and specialized pro-resolving mediators, in the regulation of inflammation is well established. While the relevance of cholesterol in the context of atherosclerosis is also widely accepted, the role of cholesterol and its biosynthetic precursors on inflammatory processes is less comprehensively described. In the present mini-review, we summarize the current understanding of the inflammation-regulatory properties of cholesterol and relevant biosynthetic intermediates taking into account the implications of different subcellular distributions. Finally, we discuss the inflammation-regulatory effect of cholesterol homeostasis in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1121819","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T00:49:04Z","timestamp":1674175744000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Cholesterol metabolism in the regulation of inflammatory responses"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Rebekka","family":"Bauer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Br\u00fcne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Schmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.05.093","article-title":"Lanosterol modulates TLR4-mediated innate immune responses in macrophages","volume":"19","author":"Araldi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2016.04.015","article-title":"Immune oxysterols: Role in mycobacterial infection and inflammation","volume":"169","author":"Bah","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.11.025","article-title":"Metabolic induction of trained immunity through the mevalonate pathway","volume":"172","author":"Bekkering","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00757-6","article-title":"Microglia facilitate repair of demyelinated lesions via post-squalene sterol synthesis","volume":"24","author":"Berghoff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584303","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.584303","article-title":"Liver X receptors: Regulators of cholesterol metabolism, inflammation, autoimmunity, and cancer","volume":"11","author":"Bilotta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3513311","article-title":"A receptor-mediated pathway for cholesterol homeostasis","volume":"232","author":"Brown","year":"1986","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2015.03.009","article-title":"Squalene targets pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators and pathways to modulate over-activation of neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages","volume":"14","author":"C\u00e1rdeno","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560266","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.560266","article-title":"Functional peroxisomes are essential for efficient cholesterol sensing and synthesis","volume":"8","author":"Charles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1005462","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005462","article-title":"ER adaptor SCAP translocates and recruits IRF3 to perinuclear microsome induced by cytosolic microbial DNAs","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.RA119000201","article-title":"Endogenous sterol intermediates of the mevalonate pathway regulate HMGCR degradation and SREBP-2 processing","volume":"60","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e33917","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033917","article-title":"Apolipoprotein A-I attenuates palmitate-mediated NF-\u03baB activation by reducing toll-like receptor-4 recruitment into lipid rafts","volume":"7","author":"Cheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862999","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.862999","article-title":"Association of lipid levels with COVID-19 infection, disease severity and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Chidambaram","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpcardio0195","article-title":"Mechanisms of disease: Macrophage-derived foam cells emerging as therapeutic targets in atherosclerosis","volume":"2","author":"Choudhury","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2020.12.005","article-title":"The cytokine storm in COVID-19: Further advances in our understanding the role of specific chemokines involved","volume":"58","author":"Coperchini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cytokine & Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2018.08.001","article-title":"Loss of sterol metabolic homeostasis triggers inflammasomes \u2014 how and why","volume":"56","author":"Dang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.09.029","article-title":"Oxysterol restraint of cholesterol synthesis prevents AIM2 inflammasome activation","volume":"171","author":"Dang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11081251","article-title":"Effects of oxysterols on immune cells and related diseases","volume":"11","author":"de Freitas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3560","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201709057","article-title":"Trafficking of cholesterol to the ER is required for NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"217","author":"de la Roche","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2784","article-title":"High-density lipoprotein mediates anti-inflammatory reprogramming of macrophages via the transcriptional regulator ATF3","volume":"15","author":"De Nardo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08938","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasomes are required for atherogenesis and activated by cholesterol crystals","volume":"464","author":"Duewell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2016.09.001","article-title":"The intracellular cholesterol landscape: Dynamic integrator of the immune response","volume":"37","author":"Fessler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.106.135814","article-title":"Liver X receptor activation potentiates the lipopolysaccharide response in human macrophages","volume":"101","author":"Fontaine","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11020201","article-title":"Oxysterols in the immune response to bacterial and viral infections","volume":"11","author":"Foo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e253","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.119.313253","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of HDL (High-Density lipoprotein) in macrophages predominate over proinflammatory effects in atherosclerotic plaques","volume":"39","author":"Fotakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-012-0429-y","article-title":"Dietary supplementation with geranylgeraniol suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation via inhibition of nuclear factor-\u03baB activation in rats","volume":"52","author":"Giriwono","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E2320","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20092320","article-title":"Geranylgeraniol suppresses the expression of IRAK1 and TRAF6 to inhibit NF\u03baB activation in lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in human macrophage-like cells","volume":"20","author":"Giriwono","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10666","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1404271111","article-title":"25-Hydroxycholesterol acts as an amplifier of inflammatory signaling","volume":"111","author":"Gold","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682948","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.682948","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles in immune system regulation and type 1 diabetes: Cell-to-Cell communication mediators, disease biomarkers, and promising therapeutic tools","volume":"12","author":"Grieco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845942","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.845942","article-title":"Foam cells in atherosclerosis: Novel insights into its origins, consequences, and molecular mechanisms","volume":"9","author":"Gui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.08.021","article-title":"Cholesterol homeostatic regulator SCAP-SREBP2 integrates NLRP3 inflammasome activation and cholesterol biosynthetic signaling in macrophages","volume":"49","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057546","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1057546","article-title":"Cholesterol: An important actor on the cancer immune scene","volume":"13","author":"Halimi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e138539","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.138539","article-title":"Activated cholesterol metabolism is integral for innate macrophage responses by amplifying Myd88 signaling","volume":"7","author":"Hayakawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11128","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47610-w","article-title":"Miltefosine increases macrophage cholesterol release and inhibits NLRP3-inflammasome assembly and IL-1\u03b2 release","volume":"9","author":"Iacano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1038\/383728a0","article-title":"An oxysterol signalling pathway mediated by the nuclear receptor LXR alpha","volume":"383","author":"Janowski","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L1011","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00281.2020","article-title":"Geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase deficiency hyperactivates macrophages and aggravates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury","volume":"320","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2021.101149","article-title":"Lung-selective 25-hydroxycholesterol nanotherapeutics as a suppressor of COVID-19-associated cytokine storm","volume":"38","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2016.01.010","article-title":"Functional crosstalk between membrane lipids and TLR biology","volume":"39","author":"K\u00f6berlin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4249","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.15712","article-title":"Statins attenuate antiviral IFN-\u03b2 and ISG expression via inhibition of IRF3 and JAK\/STAT signaling in poly(I:C)-treated hyperlipidemic mice and macrophages","volume":"288","author":"Koike","year":"2021","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20623","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1911992116","article-title":"Inhibition of \u039424-dehydrocholesterol reductase activates pro-resolving lipid mediator biosynthesis and inflammation resolution","volume":"116","author":"K\u00f6rner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.06.005","article-title":"The cytokine TNF promotes transcription factor SREBP activity and binding to inflammatory genes to activate macrophages and limit tissue repair","volume":"51","author":"Kusnadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-021-00425-4","article-title":"A multi-omics investigation of the composition and function of extracellular vesicles along the temporal trajectory of COVID-19","volume":"3","author":"Lam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-021-00827-0","article-title":"Reprogramming cholesterol metabolism in macrophages and its role in host defense against cholesterol-dependent cytolysins","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-00292-7","article-title":"COVID-19-activated SREBP2 disturbs cholesterol biosynthesis and leads to cytokine storm","volume":"5","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2016.04.003","article-title":"Oxysterols: An emerging class of broad spectrum antiviral effectors","volume":"49","author":"Lembo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Aspects Med."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21763","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M501759200","article-title":"Free cholesterol-loaded macrophages are an abundant source of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6: Model of NF-kappaB- and map kinase-dependent inflammation in advanced atherosclerosis","volume":"280","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-019-0190-7","article-title":"Mechanisms and regulation of cholesterol homeostasis","volume":"21","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2019.01.016","article-title":"Oxysterols and nuclear receptors","volume":"484","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2922","article-title":"Immunometabolism: an emerging frontier","volume":"11","author":"Mathis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.107665","article-title":"Interplay between liver X receptor and hypoxia inducible factor 1\u03b1 potentiates interleukin-1\u03b2 production in human macrophages","volume":"31","author":"M\u00e9n\u00e9gaut","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972140","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.972140","article-title":"Systemic consequences of abnormal cholesterol handling: Interdependent pathways of inflammation and dyslipidemia","volume":"13","author":"O\u2019Hagan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.TM118.004165","article-title":"NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 (NPC1)-mediated cholesterol export from lysosomes","volume":"294","author":"Pfeffer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724991","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.724991","article-title":"Compromised protein prenylation as pathogenic mechanism in mevalonate kinase deficiency","volume":"12","author":"Politiek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1254790","article-title":"Inflammation. 25-Hydroxycholesterol suppresses interleukin-1-driven inflammation downstream of type I interferon","volume":"345","author":"Reboldi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2016.00634","article-title":"Interferon control of the sterol metabolic network: Bidirectional molecular circuitry-mediating host protection","volume":"7","author":"Robertson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2015.03.014","article-title":"Role of lipid microdomains in TLR-mediated signalling","volume":"1848","author":"Ruysschaert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA) - Biomembr."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/s0092-8674(00)81304-5","article-title":"Sterol-regulated release of SREBP-2 from cell membranes requires two sequential cleavages, one within a transmembrane segment","volume":"85","author":"Sakai","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2016.4700","article-title":"National trends in statin use and expenditures in the US adult population from 2002 to 2013: Insights from the medical expenditure panel survey","volume":"2","author":"Salami","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.04.006","article-title":"Myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 couples reverse cholesterol transport to inflammation","volume":"11","author":"Smoak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.09.001","article-title":"Cholesterol-induced toxicity: An integrated view of the role of cholesterol in multiple diseases","volume":"33","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.06.054","article-title":"Regulated accumulation of desmosterol integrates macrophage lipid metabolism and inflammatory responses","volume":"151","author":"Spann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.108.182568","article-title":"Free cholesterol accumulation in macrophage membranes activates Toll-like receptors and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and induces cathepsin K","volume":"104","author":"Sun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI16381","article-title":"Cholesterol in health and disease","volume":"110","author":"Tabas","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3793","article-title":"Cholesterol, inflammation and innate immunity","volume":"15","author":"Tall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820131","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.820131","article-title":"Simvastatin downregulates the SARS-CoV-2-induced inflammatory response and impairs viral infection through disruption of lipid rafts","volume":"13","author":"Teixeira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6843","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms15046843","article-title":"Block of the mevalonate pathway triggers oxidative and inflammatory molecular mechanisms modulated by exogenous isoprenoid compounds","volume":"15","author":"Tricarico","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e153","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001052","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics\u20142022 update: A report from the American heart association","volume":"145","author":"Tsao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.10.013","article-title":"High-density lipoproteins exert pro-inflammatory effects on macrophages via passive cholesterol depletion and PKC-NF-\u03baB\/STAT1-IRF1 signaling","volume":"25","author":"van der Vorst","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2005.10.015","article-title":"Simvastatin modulates chemokine and chemokine receptor expression by geranylgeranyl isoprenoid pathway in human endothelial cells and macrophages","volume":"188","author":"Veillard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2015.11","article-title":"Protein prenylation: unique fats make their mark on biology","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-018-0037-x","article-title":"Liver X receptors in lipid signalling and membrane homeostasis","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.04.005","article-title":"Cholesterol accumulation in dendritic cells links the inflammasome to acquired immunity","volume":"25","author":"Westerterp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.11.015","article-title":"Targeting 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase integrates cholesterol metabolism and IRF3 activation to eliminate infection","volume":"52","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27816","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M603781200","article-title":"Sterol intermediates from cholesterol biosynthetic pathway as liver X receptor ligands","volume":"281","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.11.045","article-title":"Limiting cholesterol biosynthetic flux spontaneously engages type I IFN signaling","volume":"163","author":"York","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-1592-5_7","article-title":"ABCA1, ABCG1, and cholesterol homeostasis","volume-title":"HDL metabolism and diseasesAdvances in experimental medicine and biology","author":"Yu","year":"2022"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.793869","article-title":"Increased inflammatory gene expression in ABC transporter-deficient macrophages: free cholesterol accumulation, increased signaling via toll-like receptors, and neutrophil infiltration of atherosclerotic lesions","volume":"118","author":"Yvan-Charvet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2107682118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2107682118","article-title":"Desmosterol suppresses macrophage inflammasome activation and protects against vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis","volume":"118","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22930","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M801408200","article-title":"Increased cellular free cholesterol in macrophage-specific Abca1 knock-out mice enhances pro-inflammatory response of macrophages","volume":"283","author":"Zhu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3196","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M006486","article-title":"Macrophage ABCA1 reduces MyD88-dependent Toll-like receptor trafficking to lipid rafts by reduction of lipid raft cholesterol","volume":"51","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2023.1121819\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T00:49:07Z","timestamp":1674175747000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2023.1121819\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]]},"references-count":79,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2023.1121819"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2023.1121819","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]]},"article-number":"1121819"}}