{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:12:46Z","timestamp":1753891966894,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["861323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["861323"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Introduction:<\/jats:bold> The environment of the infection site affects bacterial growth and antibiotic activity. When bacterial growth and antibiotic activity are studied in body fluids, samples of multiple subjects are usually pooled, averaging out potentially relevant differences in composition. The ascitic fluid (AF) environment is frequently associated with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) in cirrhotic patients. In this study, bacterial growth and ceftriaxone activity were evaluated in individual AF using an <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> model of SBP, reflecting the environment and pharmacokinetics at the infection site.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> AF was obtained from nine cirrhotic patients with non-infected ascites. Growth of nine bacterial strains (three <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>, four <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>, one <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>, and one <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>) in individual AF was assessed and correlated with biomarkers including potential risk factors for SBP. Ceftriaxone time-kill experiments, in which the pharmacokinetic profile observed in AF following a 1\u00a0g intravenous infusion was replicated, were performed with two\u00a0<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> and two <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> isolates with minimum inhibitory concentrations around the ceftriaxone resistance breakpoint.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Significant correlations were found between bacterial growth and AF levels of protein (Spearman\u2019s rank correlation coefficient \u03c1 = \u22120.35), albumin (\u03c1 = \u22120.31), and complement C3c (\u03c1 = \u22120.28), and serum levels of bilirubin (\u03c1 = 0.39) and aspartate aminotransferase (\u03c1 = 0.25). Ceftriaxone was active in AF, even against resistant isolates, generally resulting in \u22652 log reductions in bacterial count within 24\u00a0h.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> Ascites patients may be predisposed to or protected against SBP based on the antimicrobial capacity of their AF. Ceftriaxone at clinical AF concentrations is active in the AF environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1124821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T04:40:26Z","timestamp":1680064826000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Bacterial growth and ceftriaxone activity in individual ascitic fluids in an in vitro model of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Wisse","family":"van Os","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beatrix","family":"Wulkersdorfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Eberl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zoe","family":"Oesterreicher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Schwabl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Reiberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Paternostro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Birgit","family":"Willinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Zeitlinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/147.6.1011","article-title":"Bactericidal and opsonic activity of ascitic fluid from cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients","volume":"147","author":"Akalin","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. 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