{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T10:44:31Z","timestamp":1790765071142,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":176,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007446","name":"King Khalid University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007446","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Severe cases of COVID-19 are characterized by hyperinflammation induced by cytokine storm, ARDS leading to multiorgan failure and death. JAK-STAT signaling has been implicated in immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 infection under different stages such as viral entry, escaping innate immunity, replication, and subsequent inflammatory processes. Prompted by this fact and prior utilization as an immunomodulatory agent for several autoimmune, allergic, and inflammatory conditions, Jakinibs have been recognized as validated small molecules targeting the rapid release of proinflammatory cytokines, primarily IL-6, and GM-CSF. Various clinical trials are under investigation to evaluate Jakinibs as potential candidates for treating COVID-19. Till date, there is only one small molecule Jakinib known as baricitinib has received FDA-approval as a standalone immunomodulatory agent in treating critical COVID-19 patients. Though various meta-analyses have confirmed and validated the safety and efficacy of Jakinibs, further studies are required to understand the elaborated pathogenesis of COVID-19, duration of Jakinib treatment, and assess the combination therapeutic strategies. In this review, we highlighted JAK-STAT signalling in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and clinically approved Jakinibs. Moreover, this review described substantially the promising use of Jakinibs and discussed their limitations in the context of COVID-19 therapy. Hence, this review article provides a concise, yet significant insight into the therapeutic implications of Jakinibs as potential anti-COVID agents which opens up a new horizon in the treatment of COVID-19, effectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1135145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T00:52:37Z","timestamp":1679273557000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Therapeutic implications of current Janus kinase inhibitors as anti-COVID agents: A review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Nem Kumar","family":"Jain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mukul","family":"Tailang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hemant Kumar","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balakumar","family":"Chandrasekaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biswa Mohan","family":"Sahoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anandhalakshmi","family":"Subramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neelaveni","family":"Thangavel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afaf","family":"Aldahish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kumarappan","family":"Chidambaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Alagusundaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santosh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Palani","family":"Selvam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26434\/chemrxiv.12170904.v1","article-title":"Molecular docking study to identify potential inhibitor of Covid-19 main protease enzyme: An in-silico approach","author":"Agrawal","year":"2020"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaa303","article-title":"Characteristics and outcomes of IBD patients with COVID-19 on tofacitinib therapy in the SECURE-IBD registry","volume":"27","author":"Agrawal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-021-01730-6","article-title":"Baricitinib combination therapy: A narrative review of repurposed janus kinase inhibitor against severe SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"50","author":"Akbarzadeh-Khiavi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-021-01001-1","article-title":"JAK inhibitors for axial spondyloarthritis: What does the future hold?","volume":"23","author":"Akkoc","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rep."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.13620","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide induces acute lung injury and alveolar haemorrhage in association with the cytokine storm, coagulopathy and AT1R\/JAK\/STAT augmentation in a rat model that mimics moderate and severe Covid-19 pathology","volume":"49","author":"Al-Ani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2022.2033563","article-title":"Therapeutic role of immunomodulators during the COVID-19 pandemic-a narrative review","volume":"134","author":"Al-Hajeri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15010048","article-title":"Jakinibs of all trades: Inhibiting cytokine signaling in immune-mediated pathologies","volume":"15","author":"Alexander","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharm. (Basel)"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109130","article-title":"Interleukin-6 cytokine: An overview of the immune regulation, immune dysregulation, and therapeutic approach","volume":"111","author":"Aliyu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-221366","article-title":"2021 update of the EULAR points to consider on the use of immunomodulatory therapies in COVID-19","volume":"81","author":"Alunno","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.2217\/fon.14.272","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of ruxolitinib in the treatment of patients with myelofibrosis","volume":"11","author":"Arana Yi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Future Oncol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-017-0701-9","article-title":"JAK-STAT signaling as a target for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases: Current and future prospects","volume":"77","author":"Banerjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2015.1088831","article-title":"Pacritinib: A new agent for the management of myelofibrosis?","volume":"16","author":"Beauverd","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"00081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtha.2023.01.027","article-title":"JAK-STAT inhibition reduces endothelial pro-thrombotic activation and leukocyte-endothelial pro-adhesive interactions","volume":"23","author":"Beckman","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35486","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M404202200","article-title":"Janus Kinase (Jak) Subcellular Localization Revisited: The exclusive membrane localization of endogenous janus kinase 1 by cytokine receptor interaction uncovers the jak\u00b7receptor complex to be equivalent to a receptor tyrosine kinase","volume":"279","author":"Behrmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2014.0012","article-title":"Involvement of the janus kinase\/signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling pathway in multiple sclerosis and the animal model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"34","author":"Benveniste","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Interf. cytokine Res. Off. J. Int. Soc. Interf. Cytokine Res."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2018.00287","article-title":"Do we know jack\u201d about JAK? A closer look at JAK\/STAT signaling pathway","volume":"8","author":"Bousoik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaaw1736","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaw1736","article-title":"Autoimmune pathways in mice and humans are blocked by pharmacological stabilization of the TYK2 pseudokinase domain","volume":"11","author":"Burke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000525292","article-title":"Pacritinib inhibition of IRAK1 blocks aberrant TLR8 signalling by SARS-CoV-2 and HIV-1-derived RNA","author":"Campbell","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Innate Immun."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.05.019","article-title":"Ruxolitinib in treatment of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A multicenter, single-blind, randomized controlled trial","volume":"146","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"B19","first-page":"485","article-title":"Real-world experience with tofacitinib for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"37","author":"Caporali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10665","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.8b01308","article-title":"Identification of cyanamide-based janus kinase 3 (JAK3) covalent inhibitors","volume":"61","author":"Casimiro-Garcia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1087061","article-title":"Prevention of organ allograft rejection by a specific Janus kinase 3 inhibitor","volume":"302","author":"Changelian","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.108027","article-title":"Clinical efficacy and safety of janus kinase inhibitors for COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"99","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5023","DOI":"10.1021\/jm401490p","article-title":"Discovery and development of Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors for inflammatory diseases","volume":"57","author":"Clark","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B24","unstructured":"Concert pharmaceuticals reports positive deuruxolitinib phase 3 results in alopecia areata2022"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3321","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25153321","article-title":"Inside perspective of the synthetic and computational toolbox of JAK inhibitors: Recent updates","volume":"25","author":"Coricello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2009.09.004","article-title":"JAK3: A two-faced player in hematological disorders","volume":"41","author":"Cornejo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.2174\/092986708783955464","article-title":"STAT 3 as a target for cancer drug discovery","volume":"15","author":"Costantino","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-020-01087-z","article-title":"Low-dose ruxolitinib plus steroid in severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia","volume":"35","author":"D\u2019Alessio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.12.005","article-title":"JAK inhibitors in dermatology: The promise of a new drug class","volume":"76","author":"Damsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.022","article-title":"The emerging role of Janus kinase inhibitors in the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases","volume":"147","author":"Damsky","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-019-01211-z","article-title":"Upadacitinib: First approval","volume":"79","author":"Duggan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2019.03.001","article-title":"Targeting SOCS proteins to control JAK-STAT signalling in disease","volume":"40","author":"Durham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(22)00006-6","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of baricitinib plus standard of care for the treatment of critically ill hospitalised adults with COVID-19 on invasive mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: An exploratory, randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"Ely","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet. Respir. Med."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00071","article-title":"The janus kinase (JAK) FERM and SH2 domains: Bringing specificity to JAK-receptor interactions","volume":"8","author":"Ferrao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13898","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13898","article-title":"Early administration of tofacitinib in COVID-19 pneumonitis: An open randomised controlled trial","volume":"53","author":"Ferrarini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i43","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/key276","article-title":"JAK-inhibitors. New players in the field of immune-mediated diseases, beyond rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"58","author":"Fragoulis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jointm.2022.07.005","article-title":"High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure and COVID-19-related respiratory failure","volume":"3","author":"Frat","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. intensive Med."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2022.2039121","article-title":"Comparing available JAK inhibitors for treating patients with psoriasis","volume":"18","author":"Funk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1901477","article-title":"Translating JAKs to jakinibs","volume":"204","author":"Gadina","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i4","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/key432","article-title":"Janus kinases to jakinibs: From basic insights to clinical practice","volume":"58","author":"Gadina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Oxf."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2021.10.016","article-title":"Calming the cytokine storm of COVID-19 through inhibition of JAK2\/STAT3 signaling","volume":"27","author":"Gajjela","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medidd.2022.100148","article-title":"Repurposing of drugs for combined treatment of COVID-19 cytokine storm using machine learning","volume":"17","author":"Gantla","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. drug Discov."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adengl.2021.03.012","article-title":"Janus kinase inhibitors in dermatology: Part 1 \u2014 general considerations and applications in vitiligo and alopecia areata","volume":"112","author":"Garcia-Melendo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Actas Dermo-Sifiliogr\u00e1ficas"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00754.x","article-title":"Janus kinases in immune cell signaling","volume":"228","author":"Ghoreschi","year":"","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1701","article-title":"Selectivity and therapeutic inhibition of kinases: To be or not to be?","volume":"10","author":"Ghoreschi","year":"","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.2217\/imt-2021-0096","article-title":"TYK2 as a therapeutic target in the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases","volume":"13","author":"Gonciarz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2590","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02590","article-title":"JAK\/STAT cytokine signaling at the crossroad of NK cell development and maturation","volume":"10","author":"Gotthardt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2101643","article-title":"Tofacitinib in patients hospitalized with covid-19 pneumonia","volume":"385","author":"Guimar\u00e3es","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2018.03.041","article-title":"The regulation of JAKs in cytokine signaling and its breakdown in disease","volume":"118","author":"Hammar\u00e9n","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e351","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(22)00044-3","article-title":"Ruxolitinib in addition to standard of care for the treatment of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RUXCOVID): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"4","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet. Rheumatol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a011205","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a011205","article-title":"The Jak\/STAT pathway","volume":"4","author":"Harrison","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2011.148","article-title":"SB1518, a novel macrocyclic pyrimidine-based JAK2 inhibitor for the treatment of myeloid and lymphoid malignancies","volume":"25","author":"Hart","year":"2011","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocpiqo.2021.03.007","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory treatment of COVID-19 pneumonia with tofacitinib alone or in combination with dexamethasone is safe and possibly superior to dexamethasone as a single agent in a predominantly african American cohort","volume":"5","author":"Hayek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc. Innov. Qual. outcomes"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2020.10.010","article-title":"JAK inhibitors: Current position in treatment strategies for use in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"55","author":"Hernandez-Rocha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2022.115162","article-title":"JAK inhibition as a new treatment strategy for patients with COVID-19","volume":"202","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.31053\/1853.0605.v78.n3.32800","article-title":"Ruxolitinib in severe COVID-19: Results of a multicenter, prospective, single arm, open-label clinical study to investigate the efficacy and safety of ruxolitinib in patients with COVID-19 and severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"78","author":"Iastrebner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Fac. Cien. Med. Univ. Nac. Cordoba."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e198","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.16979","article-title":"Ruxolitinib for tocilizumab-refractory severe COVID-19 infection","volume":"190","author":"Innes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.22159\/ijpps.2022v14i4.43181","article-title":"Molecular docking study on phytoconstituents of traditional ayurvedic drug tulsi (ocimum sanctum linn.) against COVID-19 mpro enzyme: An in silico study","volume":"44","author":"Jain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2031994","article-title":"Baricitinib plus remdesivir for hospitalized adults with covid-19","volume":"384","author":"Kalil","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961027","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.961027","article-title":"COVID-19 and the potential of janus family kinase (JAK) pathway inhibition: A novel treatment strategy","volume":"9","author":"Khaledi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2022.03.045","article-title":"Phase 2 randomized, dose-ranging trial of CTP-543, a selective Janus Kinase inhibitor, in moderate-to-severe alopecia areata","volume":"87","author":"King","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"o97","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.o97","article-title":"Covid-19: WHO recommends baricitinib and sotrovimab to treat patients","volume":"376","author":"Kmietowicz","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e30975","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000030975","article-title":"Timing of tofacitinib therapy is critical to improving outcomes in severe-critical COVID-19 infection: A retrospective study from a tertiary care hospital","volume":"101","author":"Kodali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Baltim."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD015209","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015209","article-title":"Janus kinase inhibitors for the treatment of COVID-19","volume":"6","author":"Kramer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cochrane database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02520-8","article-title":"Pathophysiology and treatment strategies for COVID-19","volume":"18","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-022-01718-y","article-title":"Pacritinib: First approval","volume":"82","author":"Lamb","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119695","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-119695\/v1","article-title":"Activation of interferon-stimulated transcriptomes and ACE2 isoforms in human airway epithelium is curbed by janus kinase inhibitors","volume":"3","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Sq."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03995-1","article-title":"Virus-induced senescence is a driver and therapeutic target in COVID-19","volume":"599","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e438","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(20)30145-9","article-title":"Coagulation abnormalities and thrombosis in patients with COVID-19","volume":"7","author":"Levi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet. Haematol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e002838","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-002838","article-title":"JAK inhibitors and COVID-19","volume":"10","author":"Levy","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Immunother. cancer"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04013-1","article-title":"The molecular basis of JAK\/STAT inhibition by SOCS1","volume":"9","author":"Liau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.31138\/mjr.31.1.100","article-title":"Basic mechanisms of JAK inhibition","volume":"31","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mediterr. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27482","article-title":"Clinical efficacy and adverse events of baricitinib treatment for coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"94","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4037","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.137.9.8756581","article-title":"Constitutive nuclear localization of Janus kinases 1 and 2","volume":"137","author":"Lobie","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2020.145325","article-title":"The potential involvement of JAK-STAT signaling pathway in the COVID-19 infection assisted by ACE2","volume":"768","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2020.06.007","article-title":"Targeting JAK-STAT signaling to control cytokine release syndrome in COVID-19","volume":"41","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8025","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1401180111","article-title":"Structure of the pseudokinase\u2013kinase domains from protein kinase TYK2 reveals a mechanism for Janus kinase (JAK) autoinhibition","volume":"111","author":"Lupardus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n2422","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n2422","article-title":"Covid-19: Molnupiravir reduces risk of hospital admission or death by 50% in patients at risk, MSD reports","volume":"375","author":"Mahase","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.120809","article-title":"Recent clinical findings on the role of kinase inhibitors in COVID-19 management","volume":"306","author":"Malekinejad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2022.106986","article-title":"Does baricitinib reduce mortality and disease progression in SARS-CoV-2 virus infected patients? A systematic review and meta analysis","volume":"202","author":"Manoharan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00331-3","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of baricitinib for the treatment of hospitalised adults with COVID-19 (COV-barrier): A randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial","volume":"9","author":"Marconi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet. Respir. Med."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3008","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-11-3145","article-title":"Ruxolitinib: The first FDA approved therapy for the treatment of myelofibrosis","volume":"18","author":"Mascarenhas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. cancer Res. Off. J. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102039","article-title":"Tofacitinib reduces mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 Tofacitinib in COVID-19","volume":"69","author":"Maslennikov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3209","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-020-00633-7","article-title":"An aberrant STAT pathway is central to COVID-19","volume":"27","author":"Matsuyama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30628-0","article-title":"COVID-19: Consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression","volume":"395","author":"Mehta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet (London, Engl."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01295-8","article-title":"Baricitinib in COVID-19: A coming-of-age from artificial intelligence to reducing mortality","volume":"400","author":"Mehta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet (London, Engl."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10071-23415","article-title":"Cytokine storm in novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Expert management considerations","volume":"24","author":"Mehta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Crit. care Med. peer-reviewed, Off. Publ. Indian Soc. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2020.03106","article-title":"Potential for jaktinib hydrochloride to treat cytokine storms in patients with COVID-19","volume":"14","author":"Meng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosci. Trends"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2022.2038134","article-title":"Tofacitinib for the treatment of active ankylosing spondylitis in adults","volume":"18","author":"Mohanakrishnan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6211","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126211","article-title":"Role of JAK\/STAT in interstitial lung diseases; molecular and cellular mechanisms","volume":"22","author":"Montero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e002409","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2022-002409","article-title":"After 25 years of drug development, do we know JAK?","volume":"8","author":"Mortezavi","year":"2022","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2623","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.5.2623","article-title":"The JAK-STAT signaling pathway: Input and output integration","volume":"178","author":"Murray","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B93","first-page":"11","article-title":"An evaluation of efficacy and safety of tofacitinib, A JAK inhibitor in the management of hospitalized patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 - an open-label randomized controlled study","volume":"69","author":"Murugesan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Physicians India"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3257","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab905","article-title":"Upadacitinib as monotherapy and in combination with non-biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs for psoriatic arthritis","volume":"61","author":"Nash","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Oxf."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2917","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-021-01374-3","article-title":"The janus-kinase inhibitor ruxolitinib in SARS-CoV-2 induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)","volume":"35","author":"Neubauer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2392","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02392","article-title":"Protein inhibitor of activated STAT (PIAS) negatively regulates the JAK\/STAT pathway by inhibiting STAT phosphorylation and translocation","volume":"9","author":"Niu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.1188","article-title":"Mutations in severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) due to JAK3 deficiency","volume":"18","author":"Notarangelo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e157432","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.157432","article-title":"JAK inhibitor blocks COVID-19 cytokine-induced JAK\/STAT\/APOL1 signaling in glomerular cells and podocytopathy in human kidney organoids","volume":"7","author":"Nystrom","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCI insight"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2004.04.014","article-title":"Jak3 and the pathogenesis of severe combined immunodeficiency","volume":"41","author":"O\u2019Shea","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.03.014","article-title":"JAK and STAT signaling molecules in immunoregulation and immune-mediated disease","volume":"36","author":"O\u2019Shea","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.01.050","article-title":"JAK-STAT signaling in the therapeutic landscape of myeloproliferative neoplasms","volume":"451","author":"O\u2019Sullivan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S174","DOI":"10.4103\/ija.ija_817_21","article-title":"Tofacitinib as a novel therapy in COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"65","author":"Panda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Anaesth."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.04.085","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of ruxolitinib cream for the treatment of atopic dermatitis: Results from 2 phase 3, randomized, double-blind studies","volume":"85","author":"Papp","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2556","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.13123","article-title":"Phase I study in healthy participants to evaluate safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of inhaled nezulcitinib, a potential treatment for COVID-19","volume":"14","author":"Pfeifer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.1c00335","article-title":"Kinases as potential therapeutic targets for anti-coronaviral therapy","volume":"65","author":"Pillaiyar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720X12468658","article-title":"Axial spondyloarthritis: Is there a treatment of choice?","volume":"5","author":"Poddubnyy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Musculoskelet. Dis."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105967","article-title":"Janus kinase inhibitor baricitinib is not an ideal option for management of COVID-19","volume":"55","author":"Praveen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"B108","first-page":"75","article-title":"Jakafi (ruxolitinib): First FDA-approved medication for the treatment of patients with polycythemia vera","volume":"8","author":"Raedler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. Heal. drug benefits"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962962","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/962962","article-title":"A network map of FGF-1\/FGFR signaling system","volume":"2014","author":"Raju","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Signal Transduct."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2022.06.017","article-title":"Cytokines and microRNAs in SARS-CoV-2: What do we know?","volume":"29","author":"Rarani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11020306","article-title":"Janus kinase signaling pathway and its role in COVID-19 inflammatory, vascular, and thrombotic manifestations","volume":"11","author":"Ravid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000005682","article-title":"Randomized phase 3 trial of ruxolitinib for COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"50","author":"Rein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaa587","article-title":"Baricitinib improves respiratory function in patients treated with corticosteroids for SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia: An observational cohort study","volume":"60","author":"Rodriguez-Garcia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Oxf."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-021-04325-9","article-title":"Immunomodulatory agents for COVID-19 treatment: Possible mechanism of action and immunopathology features","volume":"477","author":"Rommasi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2118828","article-title":"Two phase 3, randomized, controlled trials of ruxolitinib cream for vitiligo","volume":"387","author":"Rosmarin","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.9846","article-title":"Baricitinib is first approved COVID-19 immunomodulatory treatment","volume":"327","author":"Rubin","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.3332\/ecancer.2020.1022","article-title":"Associations between immune-suppressive and stimulating drugs and novel COVID-19-a systematic review of current evidence","volume":"14","author":"Russell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecancermedicalscience"},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1126\/science.270.5237.797","article-title":"Mutation of Jak3 in a patient with SCID: Essential role of Jak3 in lymphoid development","volume":"270","author":"Russell","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2020.1855921","article-title":"JAK-STAT pathway inhibition and their implications in COVID-19 therapy","volume":"133","author":"Satarker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3707","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-022-06329-2","article-title":"Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors significantly reduce the humoral vaccination response against SARS-CoV-2 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"41","author":"Sch\u00e4fer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2015.167","article-title":"Type I\/II cytokines, JAKs, and new strategies for treating autoimmune diseases","volume":"12","author":"Schwartz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2011.12.024","article-title":"The many faces of Janus kinase","volume":"83","author":"Seavey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-017-0177-y","article-title":"The role of JAK-STAT signaling pathway and its regulators in the fate of T helper cells","volume":"15","author":"Seif","year":"","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-017-0177-y","article-title":"The role of JAK-STAT signaling pathway and its regulators in the fate of T helper cells","volume":"15","author":"Seif","year":"","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"B125","first-page":"4","article-title":"Janus kinase and tyrosine kinase inhibitors in dermatology: A review of their utilization, safety profile and future applications","volume":"27","author":"Shalabi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Skin. Ther. Lett."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14051001","article-title":"A comprehensive overview of globally approved JAK inhibitors","volume":"14","author":"Shawky","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.31729\/jnma.6680","article-title":"Tofacitinib as an adjunct immunomodulator for treatment of a patient with severe COVID-19: A case report","volume":"59","author":"Shrestha","year":"2021","journal-title":"JNMA. J. Nepal Med. Assoc."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1226","article-title":"Regulation of JAK\u2013STAT signalling in the immune system","volume":"3","author":"Shuai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2147\/JEP.S110702","article-title":"Comprehensive kinase profile of pacritinib, a nonmyelosuppressive Janus kinase 2 inhibitor","volume":"8","author":"Singer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2100673","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00673-2021","article-title":"A phase 2 multiple ascending dose study of the inhaled pan-JAK inhibitor nezulcitinib (TD-0903) in severe COVID-19","volume":"58","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10071-23964","article-title":"Tofacitinib associated with reduced intubation rates in the management of severe COVID-19 pneumonia: A preliminary experience","volume":"25","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Crit. care Med. peer-reviewed, Off. Publ. Indian Soc. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4066","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M307774200","article-title":"STAT1-induced apoptosis is mediated by caspases 2, 3, and 7","volume":"279","author":"Sironi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.2174\/1566524020666201015144702","article-title":"JAK2-mediated intracellular signaling","volume":"21","author":"Sopjani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Mol. Med."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crphar.2022.100096","article-title":"User\u2019s guide to JAK inhibitors in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"3","author":"Spiewak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Pharmacol. drug Discov."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ii3","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab024","article-title":"JAK1: Number one in the family; number one in inflammation?","volume":"60","author":"Spinelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Oxf."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30132-8","article-title":"COVID-19: Combining antiviral and anti-inflammatory treatments","volume":"20","author":"Stebbing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-020-0364-6","article-title":"Obesity and impaired metabolic health in patients with COVID-19","volume":"16","author":"Stefan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-020-00673-w","article-title":"Alopecia areata: A review on diagnosis, immunological etiopathogenesis and treatment options","volume":"21","author":"Sterkens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.14124","article-title":"Updated APLAR consensus statements on care for patients with rheumatic diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"24","author":"Tam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s41232-022-00253-3","article-title":"A review of Janus kinase inhibitors for the treatment of Covid-19 pneumonia","volume":"43","author":"Tanaka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inflamm. Regen."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-021-00726-8","article-title":"Janus kinase-targeting therapies in rheumatology: A mechanisms-based approach","volume":"18","author":"Tanaka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2022.08.005","article-title":"Oral Janus kinase inhibitors for treating hospitalized patients with COVID-19: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"55","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i17","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/key225","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of launched JAK inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"58","author":"Taylor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Oxf."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-021-00649-y","article-title":"Deucravacitinib in moderate to severe psoriasis: Clinical and quality-of-life outcomes in a phase 2 trial","volume":"12","author":"Tha\u00e7i","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther. (Heidelb)."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10051034","article-title":"Next generation therapeutics for the treatment of myelofibrosis","volume":"10","author":"Tremblay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-006-9038-9","article-title":"Src activation of Stat3 is an independent requirement from NF-kappaB activation for constitutive IL-8 expression in human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells","volume":"9","author":"Trevino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Angiogenesis"},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.2741\/4860","article-title":"Molecular insights into kinase mediated signaling pathways of chemokines and their cognate G protein coupled receptors","volume":"25","author":"Tripathi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1586\/era.10.203","article-title":"JAK3 pathway is constitutively active in B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"11","author":"Uckun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anticancer Ther."},{"key":"B149","unstructured":"FDA approves first systemic treatment for alopecia areata [media release]2022"},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01643-9","article-title":"A guide to immunotherapy for COVID-19","volume":"28","author":"van de Veerdonk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.13719","article-title":"Presence of genetic variants among young men with severe COVID-19","volume":"324","author":"van der Made","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.2807","article-title":"Structural basis of recognition of interferon-\u03b1 receptor by tyrosine kinase 2","volume":"21","author":"Wallweber","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05730-z","article-title":"JAK-Inhibitor and type I interferon ability to produce favorable clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Walz","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000000872","article-title":"An update on calcineurin inhibitor-free regimens: The need persists, but the landscape has changed","volume":"100","author":"Webber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2021.100755","article-title":"The use of Janus Kinase inhibitors in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Wijaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol. Glob. Heal."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0944-y","article-title":"A single-cell atlas of the peripheral immune response in patients with severe COVID-19","volume":"26","author":"Wilk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.5.1603","article-title":"Two putative protein-tyrosine kinases identified by application of the polymerase chain reaction","volume":"86","author":"Wilks","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4638","DOI":"10.1021\/jm200326p","article-title":"Discovery of the macrocycle 11-(2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-ethoxy)-14,19-dioxa-5,7,26-triaza-tetracyclo[19.3.1.1(2,6).1(8,12)]heptacosa-1(25),2(26),3,5,8,10,12(27),16,21,23-decaene (SB1518), a potent Janus kinase 2\/fms-like tyrosine kinase-3 (JAK2\/FLT3) inhibitor for the treatment of myelofibrosis and lymphoma","volume":"54","author":"William","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(22)00088-1","article-title":"Baricitinib versus dexamethasone for adults hospitalised with COVID-19 (ACTT-4): A randomised, double-blind, double placebo-controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"Wolfe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet. Respir. Med."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.03.005","article-title":"TH17 responses in cytokine storm of COVID-19: An emerging target of JAK2 inhibitor Fedratinib","volume":"53","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106210","article-title":"The role of JAK\/STAT signaling pathway and its inhibitors in diseases","volume":"80","author":"Xin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4925","DOI":"10.2741\/3051","article-title":"Protein tyrosine phosphatases in the JAK\/STAT pathway","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2004-5-12-253","article-title":"The janus kinases (jaks)","volume":"5","author":"Yamaoka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabg0833","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abg0833","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 drives JAK1\/2-dependent local complement hyperactivation","volume":"6","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S287218","article-title":"The effectiveness of ruxolitinib for acute\/chronic graft-versus-host disease in children: A retrospective study","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Des. devel. Ther."},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30079-5","article-title":"Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in wuhan, China: A single-centered, retrospective, observational study","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet. Respir. Med."},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.3390\/v12060628","article-title":"Broad-spectrum host-based antivirals targeting the interferon and lipogenesis pathways as potential treatment options for the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"12","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04447-0","article-title":"Human genetic and immunological determinants of critical COVID-19 pneumonia","volume":"603","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800492","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.800492","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of janus kinase inhibitors for patients with COVID-19: A living systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2022.115382","article-title":"JAK-STAT signaling as an ARDS therapeutic target: Status and future trends","volume":"208","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931061","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.931061","article-title":"Mechanism of COVID-19 causing ARDS: Exploring the possibility of preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2","volume":"12","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8140422","article-title":"Stat3: A STAT family member activated by tyrosine phosphorylation in response to epidermal growth factor and interleukin-6","volume":"264","author":"Zhong","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-021-08883-0","article-title":"Alopecia areata: An update on etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, and management","volume":"61","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","article-title":"A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin","volume":"579","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795315","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.795315","article-title":"Immunotherapy of COVID-19: Inside and beyond IL-6 signalling","volume":"13","author":"Zizzo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2023.1135145\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T00:52:42Z","timestamp":1679273562000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2023.1135145\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]]},"references-count":176,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2023.1135145"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2023.1135145","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]]},"article-number":"1135145"}}