{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T15:59:38Z","timestamp":1792598378322,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]],"date-time":"2023-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Backgrounds:<\/jats:bold> The incidence of melanosis coli (MC) has gradually increased annually, attracting significant attention and efforts into this field. A potential risk for MC is the long-term use of anthraquinone laxatives in patients with constipation. Most traditional cathartic drugs are made from herbs containing anthraquinone compounds. This review aims to provide guidance for the application of traditional Chinese herbs containing anthraquinones for physicians and researchers.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Materials and methods:<\/jats:bold> We reviewed risk factors and pathogenesis of MC, and natural anthraquinones isolated from TCM herbs. We searched Pubmed and CNKI databases for literature related to MC with keywords such as\u201ctraditional Chinese medicine\u201d, \u201cChinese herbs\u201d, \u201canthraquinones\u201d, and \u201cmelanosis coli\u201d. The literature is current to January 2023 when the searches were last completed. After the literature retrieval, the TCM herbs containing anthraquinones (including component identification and anthraquinone content determination) applied in clinical were selected. According to the collected evidence, we provide a list of herbs containing anthraquinones that could cause MC.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> We identified 20 herbs belonging to 7 families represented by Polygonaceae, Fabaceae, Rhamnaceae, and Rubiaceae, which may play a role in the pathogenesis of MC. Among these, the herbs most commonly used include Dahuang (Rhei Radix et Rhizome), Heshouwu (Radix Polygoni Multiflori), Huzhang (Rhizoma Polygoni Cuspidati), Juemingzi (Semen Cassiae), Luhui (Aloe) and Qiancao (Rubiae Radix et Rhizoma).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> Due to a lack of awareness of the chemical composition of TCM herbs, many patients with constipation and even some TCM physicians take cathartic herbal remedies containing abundant anthraquinones to relieve defecation disturbances, resulting in long-term dependence on these herbs, which is potentially associated with most cases of MC. When such treatments are prescribed, TCM physicians should avoid long-term use in large doses to reduce their harm on colonic health. Individuals who take healthcare products containing these herbs should also be under the supervision of a doctor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1160480","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]],"date-time":"2023-05-04T06:40:40Z","timestamp":1683182440000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Review on melanosis coli and anthraquinone-containing traditional Chinese herbs that cause melanosis coli"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ruiyuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cai","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shujun","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruolan","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179552218817321","DOI":"10.1177\/1179552218817321","article-title":"Melanosis coli: A helpful contrast effect or a harmful pigmentation?","volume":"11","author":"Abu Baker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Insights Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2015.08.011","article-title":"Analysis of anthraquinones in rhubarb (Rheum palmatum and Rheum officinale) by supercritical fluid chromatography","volume":"144","author":"Aichner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02555359","article-title":"Melanosis coli. Ultrastructural study of 45 patients","volume":"29","author":"Bal\u00e1zs","year":"1986","journal-title":"Dis. Colon Rectum"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2015.10.050","article-title":"Melanosis coli: A disappearing act","volume":"83","author":"Bechara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2559.1997.d01-574.x","article-title":"Melanosis coli is associated with an increase in colonic epithelial apoptosis and not with laxative use","volume":"30","author":"Byers","year":"1997","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.13422\/j.cnki.syfjx.2014200054","article-title":"Determination of two anthraquinones in hedyotidis herba by HPLC-DAD","volume":"20","author":"Cao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. J. Exp. Tradit. Med. Formulae"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl.2009.3.4.315","article-title":"Melanosis ilei associated with chronic ingestion of oral iron","volume":"3","author":"Cha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3922","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-021-07191-z","article-title":"Melanosis coli is not associated with colonic dysmotility nor severity of pediatric functional constipation","volume":"67","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"B10","first-page":"140","article-title":"Rhubarb induced change of tumor necrosis factor-alpha level in Guinea pig model of melanosis coli and its significance","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin. J. Integr. Tradit. West. Med. Chin. Ed.)"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s11655-011-0786-z","article-title":"Experimental study on the molecular mechanism of anthraquinone cathartics in inducing melanosis coli","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin. J. Integr. Med."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.16318\/j.cnki.hbnykx.2011.01.059","article-title":"Content of active component in wild medicinal plant polygonum ciliinerve determined by HPLC and their relationship with tuber size","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hebei Agric. Sci."},{"key":"B13","first-page":"20","article-title":"Studies on the liposoluble components from tuber of Ophiopogon japonicus","author":"Cheng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chin. Pharm. J. (Beijing, China)"},{"key":"B14","first-page":"41","article-title":"Advances in active ingredients and indicative components of Chinese herbs from Rumex","volume":"25","author":"Deng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. J. Ethnomed. Ethnopharm."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.6880","article-title":"Cassiae semen: A review of its phytochemistry and pharmacology (review)","volume":"16","author":"Dong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-013-0930-1","article-title":"Cherry-tree colon: Colonoscopic appearance suggesting drug-induced mucosal injury","volume":"9","author":"Dore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"B18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Determination of anthraquinones in Polygoni Multiflori Radix from different origins and processed differently by HPLC","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Pharmacovigil."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S244","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2018.1496320","article-title":"Biomedical applications of Aloe vera","volume":"59","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E437","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1377427","article-title":"Atypical melanosis coli resembling the appearance of cheetah skin","volume":"46","author":"Grilo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.13193\/j.issn.1673-7717.2018.02.045","article-title":"Optimization of extraction process of anthraquinone from Cassia occidentalis L. And DPPH free radical scavenging experiment","volume":"36","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. Arch. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02389517","article-title":"Selective uptake of intraluminal dextran sulfate sodium and senna by macrophages in the cecal mucosa of the Guinea pig","volume":"31","author":"Hoshi","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/s0016-5107(98)70333-5","article-title":"Melanosis coli associated with ingestion of bamboo leaf extract","volume":"47","author":"Iseki","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.5183-20","article-title":"Melanosis coli due to aloe vera consumption","volume":"59","author":"Iwamuro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intern Med."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.14035\/j.cnki.hljyy.2017.02.003","article-title":"Determination of total anthraquinone content in Radix Astragalus","volume":"30","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heilongjiang Med. J."},{"key":"B27","first-page":"21","article-title":"Comparation in content of anthraquinones in Morinda officinalis and other different processing products","volume":"10","author":"Jing","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asia-Pac. Tradit. Med."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1097\/00005176-199105000-00015","article-title":"Hemorrhagic colitis and pseudomelanosis coli in ipecac ingestion by proxy","volume":"12","author":"Johnson","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-019-03435-7","article-title":"Retrospective study on melanosis coli as risk factor of colorectal neoplasm: A 3-year colonoscopic finding in zhuhai hospital, China","volume":"35","author":"Kassim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Colorectal Dis."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-021-03970-2","article-title":"Colorectal neoplasms in melanosis coli: A survey in Japan and a worldwide meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Katsumata","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Colorectal Dis."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMicm1204882","article-title":"Images in clinical medicine: Melanosis coli","volume":"368","author":"Kew","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.4174\/jkss.2011.81.1.66","article-title":"Melanosis ilei induced by prolonged charcoal ingestion","volume":"81","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Korean Surg. Soc."},{"key":"B34","first-page":"336","article-title":"Anthranoid free radicals found in pseudomelanosis coli","volume":"53","author":"Krbavcic","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pharmazie"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1067\/mge.2001.115323","article-title":"An unusual case of melanosis coli","volume":"54","author":"Lestina","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1006-5687.2016.05.027","article-title":"Advances in constituents and pharmacology of hedyotis diffusa","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tianjin Pharm."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2019.112096","article-title":"Cytotoxic quinones from the aerial parts of Morinda umbellata L","volume":"167","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5807","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2015.4126","article-title":"Histopathology of melanosis coli and determination of its associated genes by comparative analysis of expression microarrays","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"B39","first-page":"1264","article-title":"Research development on chemical composition and pharmacology of Polygoni Cuspidati Rhizoma et Radix","volume":"53","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. Tradit. Herb. Drugs"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2014.11.009","article-title":"Traditional usages, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of polygonum multiflorum Thunb.: A review","volume":"159","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B41","first-page":"3061","article-title":"Expression of aquaporin 8 and its relationship with melanosis coli","volume":"124","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0186668","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186668","article-title":"Melanosis coli: Harmless pigmentation? A case-control retrospective study of 657 cases","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-020-1280-5","article-title":"Association between anthraquinone laxatives and colorectal cancer: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Lombardi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7373","article-title":"Anthraquinone laxatives use and colorectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"36","author":"Lombardi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"B46","first-page":"636","article-title":"Comparison of the content of anthraquinone in Lycium barbarum L. From different regions and different years of ningxia","author":"Ma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lishizhen Med. Mat. Med. Res."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21391","article-title":"Anthraquinones as pharmacological tools and drugs","volume":"36","author":"Malik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm200401083500223","article-title":"Melanosis coli?","volume":"350","author":"Mennecier","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1002\/jgh3.12546","article-title":"Pseudomelanosis coli, its relation to laxative use and association with colorectal neoplasms: A comprehensive review","volume":"5","author":"Mohammed","year":"2021","journal-title":"JGH Open"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-64872-5_22","article-title":"Ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of different rheum species (Polygonaceae): a review","volume":"1308","author":"Mohtashami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10020300","article-title":"Rhamnusalaternus plant: Extraction of bioactive fractions and evaluation of their pharmacological and phytochemical properties","volume":"10","author":"Nekkaa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.46.5.651","article-title":"Anthranoid laxative use is not a risk factor for colorectal neoplasia: Results of a prospective case control study","volume":"46","author":"Nusko","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2580259","article-title":"Ethnobotanical description and biological activities of senna alata","volume":"2580259","author":"Oladeji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evid.-based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.13506\/j.cnki.jpr.2017.10.003","article-title":"Research on preparation and determination of Polygonum cuspidatum extract","volume":"36","author":"Ou","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1093\/chromsci\/47.3.197","article-title":"Quantitative HPLC determination and extraction of anthraquinones in Senna alata leaves","volume":"47","author":"Panichayupakaranant","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. Sci."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/bf03191176","article-title":"The toxicity of aconitine, emodin on ICC cell and the antagonist effect of the compatibility","volume":"34","author":"Peng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Drug Metabol. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1006-6810.2012.08.037","article-title":"Determination of anthraquinones content in rhizoma polygonati","volume":"18","author":"Peng","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Pharm. Chin. Minor."},{"key":"B56","first-page":"54","article-title":"Study on the pharmacognosy of Polygonum suffultum var. pergracile","volume":"5","author":"Qi","year":"2015","journal-title":"China J. Tradit. Chin. Med. Pharm."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22060911","article-title":"Systematic review of chemical constituents in the genus Lycium (solanaceae)","volume":"22","author":"Qian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1007\/s004289900178","article-title":"Lack of Pseudomelanosis coli in colonic adenomas suggests different pathways of apoptotic bodies in normal and neoplastic colonic mucosa","volume":"436","author":"Regitnig","year":"2000","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985821991565","article-title":"Melanosis coli in pigs coincides with high sulfate content in drinking water","volume":"58","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-G\u00f3mez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.2165\/11898640-000000000-00000","article-title":"Laxative abuse: Epidemiology, diagnosis and management","volume":"70","author":"Roerig","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21121747","article-title":"A review of the botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of rubiae radix et rhizoma","volume":"21","author":"Shan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B64","article-title":"Sennoside A increases the risk of melanosis coli by inhibiting clostridia. Master","author":"Shen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanjing Univ. Traditional Chin. Med"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711150403","article-title":"Melanosis coli: Studies of the toxic effects of irritant purgatives","volume":"115","author":"Steer","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1002\/path.914","article-title":"Apoptosis induction by sennoside laxatives in man; escape from a protective mechanism during chronic sennoside use?","volume":"194","author":"van Gorkom","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"B68","first-page":"465","article-title":"Melanosis coli. A consequence of anthraquinone-induced apoptosis of colonic epithelial cells","volume":"131","author":"Walker","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3109\/00313029309084783","article-title":"Ultrastructure of human melanosis coli with reference to its pathogenesis","volume":"25","author":"Walker","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"B70","first-page":"227","article-title":"The researches on the coloring matter and the causes of the Melanosis coli and the relationship between Melanosis coli, Aloe and Rhizome","author":"Wan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638993","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.638993","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of anthraquinones from medicinal plants","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.16040\/j.cnki.cn15-1101.2012.23.053","article-title":"Advances in the studies of Radix rubiae yunnanensis","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inn. Mong. J. Tradit. Chin. Med."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.13718\/j.cnki.xdzk.2017.04.030","article-title":"Determination of anthraquinones in Rumex acetosa L","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"J. Southwest Univ. Nat. Sci. Ed."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1002-1302.2012.08.098","article-title":"Impact of different processing methods on anthraquinones in aloe","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Jiangsu Agric. Sci."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4483","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4483","article-title":"Gender, age, and concomitant diseases of melanosis coli in China: A multicenter study of 6,090 cases","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B77","first-page":"826","article-title":"Research progress on chemical composition, pharmacological activity of paederia scandens (lour.) merr","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"World Chin. Med."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.13728\/j.1673-6427.2017.01.022","article-title":"Research progress on chemical composition and function of plants of hemerocallis","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Res. Pract. Chin. Med."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.19296\/j.cnki.1008-2409.2019-04-008","article-title":"Determination of total anthraquinone in saqgentodoxae Caulis and its antioxidant activity in vitro","volume":"32","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Med. Sin."},{"key":"B80","first-page":"51","article-title":"Determination of total anthraquinones content in Rubia cordifolia","volume":"39","author":"Wei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Guizhou Agric. Sci."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985814559403","article-title":"Evidence of oxidative injury in pigs with melanosis coli","volume":"52","author":"Wilberts","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.1331","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of eight anthraquinones in Semen Cassiae by HPLC-DAD","volume":"23","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2009.09.008","article-title":"Cassia occidentalis L.: A review on its ethnobotany, phytochemical and pharmacological profile","volume":"81","author":"Yadav","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastrohep.2020.01.002","article-title":"Melanosis coli: A comprehensive review","volume":"43","author":"Yang","year":"","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastrohep.2020.01.002","article-title":"Melanosis coli: A comprehensive review","volume":"43","author":"Yang","year":"","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e05090","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2018.5090","article-title":"Safety of hydroxyanthracene derivatives for use in food","volume":"16","author":"Younes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Efsa J."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s11655-019-3032-8","article-title":"Ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and clinical applications of Radix Astragali","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"Chin. J. Integr. Med."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.113840","article-title":"Recent advances in chemistry and bioactivity of Sargentodoxa cuneata","volume":"270","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B93","article-title":"The study of effects of anthraquinone herbs on melanosis coli. Master","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fourth Mil. Med. Univ"},{"key":"B95","first-page":"22","article-title":"Steroids and anthraquinones from Astragalus hoantchy","author":"Zhao","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. China Pharm. Univ."},{"key":"B96","volume-title":"Study on Metabolism and Toxicity of Alizarin and Pharmacokinetics of ethanol Extract of madder.","author":"Zheng","year":"2017"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2023.1160480\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]],"date-time":"2023-05-04T06:41:10Z","timestamp":1683182470000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2023.1160480\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]]},"references-count":84,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2023.1160480"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2023.1160480","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]]},"article-number":"1160480"}}