{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T15:29:32Z","timestamp":1782919772095,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]],"date-time":"2023-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Introduction:<\/jats:bold> Glycoxidative stress is essential for linking glucose disturbances and cardiovascular diseases. Unfortunately, contemporary antidiabetic drugs do not have an antiglycative effect but only lower blood glucose levels. Therefore, there is an intense search for substances that could inhibit protein glycation and prevent diabetic complications. A potential antioxidant activity has been demonstrated with verapamil, a phenylalkylamine derivative belonging to selective calcium channel blockers. Verapamil has a well-established position in cardiology due to its wide range of indications and good safety profile. Nevertheless, the antidiabetic activity of verapamil is still unclear. We are the first to comprehensively evaluate the verapamil\u2019s effect on protein glycoxidation using various <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic> models.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used to assess the rate of glycoxidation inhibition by verapamil. As glycating factors, sugars (glucose, fructose, and ribose) and aldehyde (glyoxal) were used. Chloramine T was used as an oxidizing agent. Aminoguanidine (protein glycation inhibitor) and Trolox (antioxidant) were used as control substances. The biomarkers of oxidation (total thiols, protein carbonyls, advanced oxidation protein products), glycation (Amadori products, \u03b2-amyloid, advanced glycation end products [AGEs]), and glycoxidation (tryptophan, kynurenine, N-formylkynurenine, dityrosine) were evaluated using colorimetric and fluorimetric methods. The mechanism of antiglycative activity of verapamil was assessed using <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic> docking to study its interaction with BSA, glycosidases, and seventeen AGE pathway proteins.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> In all <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> models, biomarkers of protein glycation, oxidation, and glycoxidation were significantly ameliorated under the influence of verapamil. The glycoxidation inhibition rate by verapamil is comparable to that of potent antiglycating agents and antioxidants. The molecular docking simulations showed that verapamil bound preferentially to amino acids prone to glycoxidative damage out of an \u03b1-glucosidase\u2019s active center. Among all AGE pathway proteins, verapamil was best docked with the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and nuclear factor-\u03baB (NF-\u03baB).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Discussion:<\/jats:bold> The results of our study confirm the antiglycoxidant properties of verapamil. The drug\u2019s action is comparable to recognized substances protecting against oxidative and glycation modifications. Verapamil may be particularly helpful in patients with cardiovascular disease and concomitant diabetes. Studies in animal models and humans are needed to confirm verapamil\u2019s antiglycative\/antidiabetic activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1293295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]],"date-time":"2023-11-28T09:41:03Z","timestamp":1701164463000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Preliminary evaluation of the antiglycoxidant activity of verapamil using various in vitro and in silico biochemical\/biophysical methods"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mi\u0142osz","family":"Nesterowicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamil Klaudiusz","family":"Lauko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Da\u0144kowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daria","family":"Trocka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"\u017bendzian-Piotrowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerzy Robert","family":"\u0141adny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Zalewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mateusz","family":"Maciejczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3109\/10715762.2013.792926","article-title":"Molecular strategies to prevent, inhibit, and degrade advanced glycoxidation and advanced lipoxidation end products","volume":"47","author":"Aldini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/1043-6618(94)80004-9","article-title":"Gastric lipid peroxidation, glutathione and calcium channel blockers in the stress-induced ulcer model in rats","volume":"30","author":"Alican","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.2174\/1389203720666191010155145","article-title":"Dicarbonyls generation, toxicities, detoxifications and potential roles in diabetes complications","volume":"21","author":"Alouffi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Protein Pept. Sci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.15171\/apb.2016.067","article-title":"Captopril and valsartan may improve cognitive function through potentiation of the brain antioxidant defense system and attenuation of oxidative\/nitrosative damage in STZ-induced dementia in rat","volume":"6","author":"Arjmand Abbassi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1515\/BC.2006.169","article-title":"Protein oxidation and proteolysis","volume":"387","author":"Bader","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-019-03550-7","article-title":"Acceleration of protein glycation by oxidative stress and comparative role of antioxidant and protein glycation inhibitor","volume":"459","author":"Bavkar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1016\/s0891-5849(00)00228-8","article-title":"Glycoxidation and lipoxidation in atherogenesis","volume":"28","author":"Baynes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B8","first-page":"IV78","article-title":"Calcium antagonists in the treatment of Prinzmetal\u2019s angina and unstable angina pectoris","volume":"80","author":"Beller","year":"1989","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16091273","article-title":"Antioxidant and anti-glycation potential of H2 receptor antagonists\u2014in vitro studies and a systematic literature review","volume":"16","author":"Biedrzycki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.3181\/0706-RM-155","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and redox signaling in atrial tachyarrhythmia","volume":"233","author":"Bukowska","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B11","first-page":"1088","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus: a cardiovascular disease","volume":"4","author":"Candido","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24353","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms161024353","article-title":"Molecular pathways regulating macrovascular pathology and vascular smooth muscle cells phenotype in type 2 diabetes","volume":"16","author":"Casella","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-021-01289-4","article-title":"Variability of risk factors and diabetes complications","volume":"20","author":"Ceriello","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2013.06.033","article-title":"Nebivolol attenuates prooxidant and profibrotic mechanisms involving TGF-\u03b2 and MMPs, and decreases vascular remodeling in renovascular hypertension","volume":"65","author":"Ceron","year":"2013","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-019-1563-3","article-title":"Regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism in health and disease","volume":"62","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0255405","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255405","article-title":"Evaluating the antidiabetic effects of R-verapamil in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus mouse models","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1007\/s13258-023-01417-2","article-title":"Reduction of high glucose-induced oxidative injury in human retinal pigment epithelial cells by sarsasapogenin through inhibition of ROS generation and inactivation of NF-\u03baB\/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway","volume":"45","author":"Choi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genes. Genomics"},{"key":"B18","first-page":"843","article-title":"Effects of antihypertensive therapy with verapamil on glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in type II diabetics","volume":"49","author":"Cortassa","year":"1991","journal-title":"Curr. Ther. Res. - Clin. Exp."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600810713","article-title":"Structure\u2014activity considerations in kinetics and mechanism of chlorine exchange between chloramine\u2010T and secondary amines","volume":"81","author":"Dannan","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(59)90090-6","article-title":"Tissue sulfhydryl groups","volume":"82","author":"Ellman","year":"1959","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1989.262","article-title":"Correction of glucose intolerance and the impaired insulin release of chronic renal failure by verapamil","volume":"36","author":"Fadda","year":"1989","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B22","first-page":"30860730","author":"Fahie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Verapamil"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jhh.1001279","article-title":"Effect of two antihypertensive combinations on metabolic control in type-2 diabetic hypertensive patients with albuminuria: a randomised, double-blind study","volume":"15","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Hum. Hypertens."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.14.10.911","article-title":"Antihypertensive therapy with Ca2+. Antagonist verapamil and\/or ACE inhibitor enalapril in NIDDM patients","volume":"14","author":"Ferrier","year":"1991","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.110.223545","article-title":"Oxidative stress and diabetic complications","volume":"107","author":"Giacco","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-019-1107-y","article-title":"Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease","volume":"21","author":"Glovaci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rep."},{"key":"B27","first-page":"170","article-title":"Effect of antihypertensive combinations on arterial pressure, albuminuria, and glycemic control in patients with type II diabetic nephropathy: a randomized study","volume":"22","author":"Goicolea","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nefrologia"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/med.2610040106","article-title":"Verapamil: full spectrum calcium channel blocking agent: an overview","volume":"4","author":"Guerrero","year":"1984","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-9668.71667","article-title":"Intracellular scavenging activity of Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid) in the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe","volume":"1","author":"Hamad","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nat. Sci. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-198409010-00002","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics of verapamil","volume":"9","author":"Hamann","year":"1984","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1586\/14779072.6.2.153","article-title":"Acarbose: oral anti-diabetes drug with additional cardiovascular benefits","volume":"6","author":"Hanefeld","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Rev. cardiovasc. Ther."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2009.01.007","article-title":"Quantification of protein modification by oxidants","volume":"46","author":"Hawkins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/s0895-7061(03)00062-1","article-title":"Antihypertensive therapy with verapamil SR plus trandolapril versus atenolol plus chlorthalidone on glycemic control","volume":"16","author":"Holzgreve","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2023.110804","article-title":"Understanding the lncRNA\/miRNA-NF\u03baB regulatory network in diabetes mellitus: from function to clinical translation","volume":"202","author":"Hoorzad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2020.111738","article-title":"An overview on the role of bioactive \u03b1-glucosidase inhibitors in ameliorating diabetic complications","volume":"145","author":"Hossain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5960","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2009.07307.x","article-title":"The thioflavin T fluorescence assay for amyloid fibril detection can be biased by the presence of exogenous compounds","volume":"276","author":"Hudson","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1517\/13543776.2015.1076394","article-title":"Glycation, carbonyl stress and AGEs inhibitors: a patent review","volume":"25","author":"Jahan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Pat."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5872645","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5872645","article-title":"Verapamil inhibits mitochondria-induced reactive oxygen species and dependent apoptosis pathways in cerebral transient global ischemia\/reperfusion","volume":"2020","author":"Jangholi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2022.105719","article-title":"Improved fatigue properties, bone microstructure and blood glucose in type 2 diabetic rats with verapamil treatment","volume":"98","author":"Jia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8227(95)01090-Z","article-title":"The effects of calcium channel blockers, verapamil, nifedipine and diltiazem, on metabolic control in diabetic rats","volume":"28","author":"Kaymaz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12040542","article-title":"Advanced glycation end products and diabetes mellitus: mechanisms and perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Khalid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183S-189S","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1986.tb02869.x","article-title":"Verapamil in arrhythmia","volume":"21","author":"Krikler","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.5560020312","article-title":"Thioflavine T interaction with synthetic Alzheimer\u2019s disease \u03b2 -amyloid peptides: detection of amyloid aggregation in solution","volume":"2","author":"Levine","year":"1993","journal-title":"Protein Sci."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2017.09.005","article-title":"Toxic effects of Pb2+ entering sperm through Ca2+ channels in the freshwater crab Sinopotamon henanense","volume":"192","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2018.11.017","article-title":"How CaV1.2-bound verapamil blocks Ca2+ influx into cardiomyocyte: atomic level views","volume":"139","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26B-31B","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(93)90142-y","article-title":"Glycation and oxidation: a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis","volume":"71","author":"Lyons","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11808","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911808","article-title":"Do circulating redox biomarkers have diagnostic significance in alcohol-intoxicated people?","volume":"23","author":"Maciejczyk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.70.6.1099","article-title":"Antioxidant effects of calcium channel blockers against free radical injury in endothelial cells. Correlation of protection with preservation of glutathione levels","volume":"70","author":"Mak","year":"1992","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48S-53S","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(91)90486-H","article-title":"Verapamil and migraine prophylaxis: mechanisms and efficacy","volume":"90","author":"Markley","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/53.19.2277","article-title":"Acarbose: an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor","volume":"53","author":"Martin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Health. Syst. Pharm."},{"key":"B51","unstructured":"Blood glucose\n            McMillinJ. M.\n          1990"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165S-171S","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1986.tb02867.x","article-title":"Studies on verapamil in the treatment of essential hypertension: a review","volume":"21","author":"Midtb\u00f8","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5575545","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5575545","article-title":"Pleiotropic properties of valsartan: do they result from the antiglycooxidant activity? Literature review and in vitro study","volume":"2021","author":"Mil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.2174\/138955712801264837","article-title":"Studies on \u03b1-glucosidase inhibitors development: magic molecules for the treatment of carbohydrate mediated diseases","volume":"12","author":"Moorthy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mini Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2021.166283","article-title":"Comparison of bovine serum albumin glycation by ribose and fructose in vitro and in vivo","volume":"1868","author":"Mou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta - Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm.1997.35.9.669","article-title":"Determination of advanced glycation end products in serum by fluorescence spectroscopy and competitive ELISA","volume":"35","author":"M\u00fcnch","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1080\/14756366.2022.2137161","article-title":"Antiglycoxidative properties of amantadine\u2013a systematic review and comprehensive in vitro study","volume":"38","author":"Nesterowicz","year":"","journal-title":"J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.33594\/000000617","article-title":"Biochemical and biophysical in vitro studies and systematic literature review on the antioxidant and antiglycation activities of trazodone","volume":"57","author":"Nesterowicz","year":"","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. biochem."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.3390\/biom5010194","article-title":"Advanced glycation end products and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"5","author":"Nowotny","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1586\/ern.09.107","article-title":"MAPK, beta-amyloid and synaptic dysfunction: the role of RAGE","volume":"9","author":"Origlia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s43088-020-00068-6","article-title":"Antiglycaemic potentials and molecular docking studies of the extracts of Cassia alata L","volume":"9","author":"Oso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Beni-Suef Univ. J. Basic Appl. Sci."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2013.12.016","article-title":"Role of advanced glycation end products in cellular signaling","volume":"2","author":"Ott","year":"2014","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110655","article-title":"AGE\/RAGE signaling-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress and future prospects in non-coding RNA therapeutics for diabetic nephropathy","volume":"131","author":"Pathomthongtaweechai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13090240","article-title":"A new insight into meloxicam: assessment of antioxidant and anti-glycating activity in in vitro studies","volume":"13","author":"Pawlukianiec","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3467","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103467","article-title":"Experimental animal studies support the role of dietary advanced glycation end products in health and disease","volume":"13","author":"Peppa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1385\/ct:2:4:275","article-title":"Advanced glycoxidation. A new risk factor for cardiovascular disease?","volume":"2","author":"Peppa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Toxicol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-food-052720-104513","article-title":"Chemical stability of proteins in foods: oxidation and the maillard reaction","volume":"13","author":"Poojary","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B68","first-page":"559","article-title":"Comparative antioxidant effects of beta-adrenoceptor blockers, calcium antagonists and U-74500A against iron-dependent lipid peroxidation in murine ventricular microsomal membranes","volume":"18","author":"Reddy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10091848","article-title":"Advanced glycation end products in health and disease","volume":"10","author":"Reddy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/s0891-5849(98)00244-5","article-title":"Oxidation of biological electron donors and antioxidants by a reactive lactoperoxidase metabolite from nitrite (NO2-): an EPR and spin trapping study","volume":"26","author":"Reszka","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/s0076-6879(94)33041-7","article-title":"Oxidative damage to proteins: spectrophotometric method for carbonyl assay","volume":"233","author":"Reznick","year":"1994","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD000467","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000467.pub2","article-title":"Calcium channel blockers for primary and secondary Raynaud\u2019s phenomenon","volume":"2017","author":"Rirash","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e151","DOI":"10.2337\/dci23-0036","article-title":"Guidelines and recommendations for laboratory analysis in the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus","volume":"46","author":"Sacks","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18828","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules191118828","article-title":"Kinetics of glycoxidation of bovine serum albumin by glucose, fructose and ribose and its prevention by food components","volume":"19","author":"Sadowska-Bartosz","year":"","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4880","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules19044880","article-title":"Kinetics of glycoxidation of bovine serum albumin by methylglyoxal and glyoxal and its prevention by various compounds","volume":"19","author":"Sadowska-Bartosz","year":"","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/10258140290031554","article-title":"Amadori product and age formation during nonenzymatic glycosylation of bovine serum albumin in vitro","volume":"6","author":"Sharma","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Biophys."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5591","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25235591","article-title":"The development of maillard reaction, and advanced glycation end product (AGE)-Receptor for AGE (RAGE) signaling inhibitors as novel therapeutic strategies for patients with AGE-related diseases","volume":"25","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B78","first-page":"101","volume-title":"Protein glycation in diabetes mellitus","author":"Shin","year":"2023"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.13005\/bpj\/2331","article-title":"In silico docking studies of antiglycation activity of isorhamnetin on molecular proteins of advanced glycation end product (AGE) pathway","volume":"14","author":"Sindhuja","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacol. J."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-007-0378-1","article-title":"Oxidative stress and endothelium influenced by metformin in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"63","author":"Skrha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3109\/03602539808996310","article-title":"Reactive oxygen-mediated protein oxidation in aging and disease","volume":"30","author":"Stadtman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Rev."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-003-0011-2","article-title":"Free radical-mediated oxidation of free amino acids and amino acid residues in proteins","volume":"25","author":"Stadtman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1179\/135100008X259196","article-title":"Anti-atherosclerotic and anti-diabetic properties of probucol and related compounds","volume":"13","author":"Tanous","year":"2008","journal-title":"Redox Rep."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-017-0571-2","article-title":"Chloramine T induced oxidative stress and the response of antioxidant system in Phanerochaete chrysosporium","volume":"63","author":"Tongul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol. (Praha)"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2013.09.006","article-title":"Antioxidant and antiplatelet effects of atorvastatin by Nox2 inhibition","volume":"24","author":"Violi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"B86","first-page":"232","article-title":"Glycoxidation: the menace of diabetes and aging","volume":"70","author":"Vlassara","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mt. Sinai J. Med."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1023\/B:REMD.0000032406.84813.f6","article-title":"Glycoxidation and diabetic complications: modern lessons and a warning?","volume":"5","author":"Vlassara","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2012-0818","article-title":"Site-specific AGE modifications in the extracellular matrix: a role for glyoxal in protein damage in diabetes","volume":"52","author":"Voziyan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456187","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1456187","article-title":"PRL\/PRLR can promote insulin resistance by activating the JAK2\/STAT5 signaling pathway","volume":"2022","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Math. Methods Med."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2121-10-10","article-title":"Rapid glycation with D-ribose induces globular amyloid-like aggregations of BSA with high cytotoxicity to SH-SY5Y cells","volume":"10","author":"Wei","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Cell. Biol."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1385\/cbb:33:3:217","article-title":"Mechanistic and kinetic studies of inhibition of enzymes","volume":"33","author":"Whiteley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell. biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-022-05294-w","article-title":"Effect of verapamil on bone mass, microstructure and mechanical properties in type 2 diabetes mellitus rats","volume":"23","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet. Disord."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3480","DOI":"10.2174\/092986709789057635","article-title":"Substrates, inducers, inhibitors and structure-activity relationships of human Cytochrome P450 2C9 and implications in drug development","volume":"16","author":"Zhou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2018.1548428","article-title":"The inhibitory effects of flavonoids on \u03b1-amylase and \u03b1-glucosidase","volume":"60","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2023.1293295\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]],"date-time":"2023-11-28T09:41:10Z","timestamp":1701164470000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2023.1293295\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]]},"references-count":94,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2023.1293295"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2023.1293295","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]]},"article-number":"1293295"}}