{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T13:45:03Z","timestamp":1784641503325,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 3-4 present a significant clinical challenge due to the absence of a systematic approach to managing associated medication-related problems (MRPs). This lack of a structured framework hinders the timely identification and effective intervention for these complications, potentially compromising patient safety and prognosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aims to leverage the Delphi method to establish an evaluation index for a rational drug use evaluation system dedicated to CKD patients in stages 3-4. This system will function as a platform for the continuous identification and management of MRPs, ultimately contributing to improved medication safety and patient outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This research uses the modified Delphi technique to develop an evaluation system for rational drug use in patients with chronic kidney disease. The initial questionnaire was developed by literature review for patients with chronic kidney disease. Twenty-six senior experts formed a panel in order to evaluate items across two Delphi rounds. Consensus was defined as at least 95% agreement (first round) and 85% agreement (second round), agreeing with an average score of at least 4.5 (first round) and 4.0 (second round). Items that fulfill the stipulated criteria are eligible for inclusion in the consensus list.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>All experts participated in both rounds (100% response rate). Consensus was achieved on three patient-related items in the first round of 34 items. Based on expert feedback, 18 revised items were included in the second round after refining, restructuring, and removing some elements. Following two rounds of consultation, 20 items achieved consensus, encompassing aspects such as drug selection, dosage assessment, treatment duration, prescription and dispensing practices, patient-related factors, and other relevant considerations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study has successfully identified 20 key evaluation indicators for a rational drug use evaluation system specifically designed for CKD patients in stages 3 and 4. This system will serve as a tool for continuous MRP identification and timely intervention, ultimately enhancing medication safety and patient prognosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1183118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T04:41:30Z","timestamp":1727757690000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Development of an evaluation system for rational drug use in patients with chronic kidney disease using the Delphi method"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolan","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guobing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qilong","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinfeng","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianlan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2020.03.023","article-title":"NSAIDs in CKD: are they safe?","volume":"76","author":"Baker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. 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