{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T15:14:48Z","timestamp":1788448488670,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Unsafe medication practices and medication errors are a major cause of harm in healthcare systems around the world. This study aimed to explore the factors that influence the risk of medication and provide medication risk evaluation model for adults in Shanxi province, China.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title><jats:p>The data was obtained from the provincial questionnaire from May to December 2022, relying on the random distribution of questionnaires and online questionnaires by four hospitals in Shanxi Province. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to explore the factors affecting the KAP score of residents. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the independent risk factors, and the nomogram was verified by receiver operating characteristic curve, calibration and decision curve analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 3,388 questionnaires were collected, including 3,272 valid questionnaires. The average scores of drugs KAP were 63.2 \u00b1 23.04, 33.05 \u00b1 9.60, 23.67 \u00b1 6.75 and 33.16 \u00b1 10.87, respectively. On the evaluation criteria of the questionnaire, knowledge was scored \u201cfair\u201d, attitude and practice were scored \u201cgood\u201d. Sex, monthly income, place of residence, insurance status, education level, and employment were regarded as independent risk factors for medication and a nomogram was established by them.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title><jats:p>Males, low-income, and low-educated people are important factors affecting the risk of medication. The application of the model can help residents understand the risk of their own medication behavior and reduce the harm of medication.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1302274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]],"date-time":"2024-04-17T04:31:22Z","timestamp":1713328282000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Development and validation of a nomogram to predict medication risk based on a knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) survey of residents in Shanxi Province, China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Da-shuai","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue-hu","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-hua","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-tong","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao-jun","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-jun","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shao-jun","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi-wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-hong","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e525","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00042-6","article-title":"Non-communicable disease policy implementation from 2014 to 2021: a repeated cross-sectional analysis of global policy data for 194 countries","volume":"11","author":"Allen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17030787","article-title":"Expired medication: societal, regulatory and ethical aspects of a wasted opportunity","volume":"17","author":"Alnahas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1056999","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1056999","article-title":"Assessing hypertension and diabetes knowledge, attitudes and practices among residents in Akatsi South District, Ghana using the KAP questionnaire","volume":"11","author":"Asante","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-023-01586-w","article-title":"Points of significance","volume":"7","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Hum. Behav."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55070327","article-title":"Telepharmacy services: present status and future perspectives: a review","volume":"55","author":"Baldoni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Kaunas."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2021.1937088","article-title":"Accurately estimating medication non-adherence through patient self-report: possibilities and limitation of a new scale","volume":"37","author":"Basu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Res. Opin."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2023.102620","article-title":"Assessing the knowledge of, attitudes towards, and practices in, food safety among migrant workers in Klang Valley, Malaysia","volume":"54","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2023","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Di"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12061028","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding antibiotic use and resistance: a cross-sectional study among students in Israel","volume":"12","author":"Dopelt","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Antibiot."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2022.102522","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes, and practices about malaria in travelers to risk areas in Peru","volume":"52","author":"Failoc-Rojas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B10","first-page":"368","article-title":"Risk analysis from exploratory survey on knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) towards medication safety among Beijing residents","volume":"15","author":"Fan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. Drug Appl. Monit."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeq131","article-title":"Drug errors: consequences, mechanisms, and avoidance","volume":"105","author":"Glavin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985192","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.985192","article-title":"The prevalence and burden of four major chronic diseases in the Shanxi Province of Northern China","volume":"10","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.2147\/dmso.S290639","article-title":"Dietary knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) among the family members of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its influence on the KAP of T2DM patients","volume":"14","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabet. Metab. Synd. Ob."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200124140-00002","article-title":"Benefits and risks of self medication","volume":"24","author":"Hughes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmacy8040222","article-title":"Public awareness about medicine information, safety, and adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting in dammam, Saudi arabia","volume":"8","author":"Islam","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pharm."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colegn.2015.08.003","article-title":"Impact of health literacy on medication adherence in older people with chronic diseases","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Collegian"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097562","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1097562","article-title":"Status of nutrition labeling knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of residents in the community and structural equation modeling analysis","volume":"10","author":"Liao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"B18","first-page":"1795","article-title":"Investigation on the current situation of safe drug use among community residents of' a university in HubeiProvince and Analysis on the risk factors of drug use","volume":"41","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Hosp. Pharm."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253770","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1253770","article-title":"Intelligent medication manager: developing and implementing a mobile application based on WeChat","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22","DOI":"10.2196\/ijmr.5231","article-title":"Internet use for searching information on medicines and disease: a community pharmacy-based survey among adult pharmacy customers","volume":"5","author":"Lombardo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Interact. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.15072","article-title":"Medication dose calculation errors and other numeracy mishaps in hospitals: analysis of the nature and enablers of incident reports","volume":"78","author":"Mulac","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Adv. Nurs."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3233","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.20.01680","article-title":"Comment on \"factors affecting sentinel node metastasis in thin (T1) cutaneous melanomas: development and external validation of a predictive nomogram","volume":"38","author":"Olofsson Bagge","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3414","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-20-4117","article-title":"Development and validation of a novel nomogram for individualized prediction of survival in cancer of unknown primary","volume":"27","author":"Raghav","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1177\/2042098618781521","article-title":"Identifying and assessing potential harm of medication errors and potentially unsafe medication practices in paediatric hospital settings: a field study","volume":"9","author":"Rishoej","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Drug Saf."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.2174\/157488610792245966","article-title":"Risks of self-medication practices","volume":"5","author":"Ruiz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Saf."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-015-0329-7","article-title":"Empowering smokers with a web-assisted tobacco intervention to use prescription smoking cessation medications: a feasibility trial","volume":"10","author":"Selby","year":"2015","journal-title":"Implement Sci."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.04.032","article-title":"A nomogram based on liver stiffness predicts postoperative complications in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"73","author":"Serenari","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01191-6","article-title":"Effects of race and ethnicity on perinatal outcomes in high-income and upper-middle-income countries: an individual participant data meta-analysis of 2 198 655 pregnancies","volume":"400","author":"Sheikh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7174.2011.00097.x","article-title":"Responsible self-medication: perceived risks and benefits of over-the-counter analgesic use","volume":"19","author":"Stosic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. Pract."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6947-8-53","article-title":"Extensions to decision curve analysis, a novel method for evaluating diagnostic tests, prediction models and molecular markers","volume":"8","author":"Vickers","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Med. Inf. Decis. Mak."},{"key":"B31","unstructured":"Medication without harm2017"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6883","DOI":"10.21037\/apm-21-1295","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude, and practice of medication among Haikou residents","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-34","article-title":"Knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) relating to avian influenza in urban and rural areas of China","volume":"10","author":"Xiang","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.061245","article-title":"Maternal exposure to PM(2.5) and the risk of congenital heart defects in 1.4 million births: a nationwide surveillance-based study","volume":"147","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2024.1302274\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T08:22:40Z","timestamp":1713774160000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2024.1302274\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2024.1302274"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2024.1302274","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,17]]},"article-number":"1302274"}}