{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T05:32:16Z","timestamp":1781155936908,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Introduction:<\/jats:bold><jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> species are endowed with the ability to produce biofilms, which is one of the causes of pathogenicity, as biofilms protect yeasts from antifungal drugs. <jats:italic>Candida glabrata<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Nakaseomyces glabrata<\/jats:italic>) is one of the most prevalent pathogenic yeasts in humans and a biofilm producer.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> The study was aimed at evaluating the combined effects of two highly promising antifungal biomolecules (AF<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> and AF<jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub>) lipopeptide in nature, chromatographically purified to homogeneity from <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>) and the standard antifungal fluconazole (at different concentrations) to demonstrate <jats:italic>C. glabrata<\/jats:italic> biofilm formation inhibition. Biofilm production and inhibition were evaluated by quantification of the biofilm biomass and metabolic activity using crystal violet (CV) staining and XTT reduction assays, respectively. Microscopic techniques such as confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to visualize biofilm formation and inhibition.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results and Discussion:<\/jats:bold> Compared to untreated and fluconazole-treated biofilms, an enhanced <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> anti-biofilm effect of the antifungal lipopeptides AF<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\/AF<jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub> alone and their combinations with fluconazole was established. The lipopeptides AF<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\/AF<jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub> alone at 8 and 16\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL exhibited significant biomass and metabolic activity reductions. SEM and CSLM images provided evidence that the lipopeptide exposure results in architectural alterations and a significant reduction of <jats:italic>C. glabrata<\/jats:italic> biofilms, whereas (2\u2032, 7\u2032-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFDA) and propidium iodide (PI) analyses showed reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation along with membrane permeabilization. The estimation of exopolysaccharides (EPS) in AF<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\/AF<jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub>-treated biofilms indicated EPS reduction. The combinations of fluconazole (64\/128\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL) and AF<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\/AF<jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub> lipopeptide (16\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL) were found to significantly disrupt the mature (24\u00a0h) biofilms as revealed by CSLM and SEM studies. The CSLM images of biofilms were validated using COMSTAT. The FTIR-analyses indicate the antibiofilm effects of both lipopeptides on 24\u00a0h biofilms to support CSLM and SEM observations. The combinations of fluconazole (64\/128\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL) and AF<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\/AF<jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub> lipopeptide were found to disrupt the mature biofilms; the study also showed that the lipopeptides alone have the potentials to combat <jats:italic>C. glabrata<\/jats:italic> biofilms. Taken together, it may be suggested that these lipopeptide leads can be optimized to potentially apply on various surfaces to either reduce or nearly eradicate yeast biofilms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1334419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T04:58:27Z","timestamp":1713502707000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Two promising Bacillus-derived antifungal lipopeptide leads AF4 and AF5 and their combined effect with fluconazole on the in vitro Candida glabrata biofilms"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Madduri","family":"Madhuri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shivaprakash M.","family":"Rudramurthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Utpal","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-020-0114-5","article-title":"Transcriptional responses of Candida glabrata biofilm cells to fluconazole are modulated by the carbon source","volume":"6","author":"Alves","year":"2020","journal-title":"Npj Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-6640-7_10","article-title":"Combination antifungal therapy","volume":"48","author":"Ashley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Essentials Clin. 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