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Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Introduction:<\/jats:bold> Although post-COVID-19 syndrome (PCS) with cognitive impairment is increasingly encountered in primary care, evidence-based recommendations for its appropriate management are lacking.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> A systematic literature search evaluating the diagnosis and treatment of cognitive impairment associated with PCS was conducted. Practical recommendations for the management of PCS-associated cognitive impairment in primary care are summarized, based on an evaluation of pharmacological plausibility and clinical applications.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Currently, the pathology of cognitive impairment associated with PCS remains unclear with no high-quality data to support targeted interventions. Existing treatment approaches are directed towards symptom relief where counseling on the chronicity of the disease and regular reassessments at 4- to 8-week intervals is considered reasonable. Patients should be informed and encouraged to adopt a healthy lifestyle that centers around balanced nutrition and appropriate physical activities. They may also benefit from the intake of vitamins, micronutrients, and probiotics. The administration of <jats:italic>Ginkgo biloba<\/jats:italic> extract could offer a safe and potentially beneficial treatment option. Other non-pharmacological measures include physiotherapy, digitally supported cognitive training, and, if indicated, ergotherapy or speech therapy. In most patients, symptoms improve within 8 weeks. If serious, ambiguous, or when new symptoms occur, specialized diagnostic measures such as comprehensive neurocognitive testing or neuroimaging should be initiated. Very few patients would require inpatient rehabilitation.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> PCS with cognitive impairment is a debilitating condition that could affect daily functioning and reduce work productivity. Management in primary care should adopt a multidisciplinary approach, centering around physical, cognitive, and pharmacological therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1338235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T13:39:01Z","timestamp":1713793141000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Management of cognitive impairment associated with post-COVID-19 syndrome: recommendations for primary care"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Udo","family":"Zifko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Guendling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond","family":"Seet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siegfried","family":"Kasper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-021-05630-3","article-title":"Screening for cognitive sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a comparison between the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and the Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA)","volume":"43","author":"Aiello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol. 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