{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:51:55Z","timestamp":1790887915130,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Antihypertensive drugs are used preventatively to lower the risk of cardiovascular disease events. Comparative effectiveness studies on angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), beta-blockers (BBs), calcium channel blockers (CCBs), and thiazides have yielded inconsistent results and given little consideration to patient adherence. Using a longitudinal cohort and considering time-varying adherence and confounding factors, we aimed to estimate the real-world effectiveness of five major antihypertensive drug monotherapies in the primary prevention of cardiovascular events.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eligible patients for a retrospective inception cohort study were selected using information obtained from the University of Groningen IADB.nl pharmacy prescription database. Cohort 1 comprised adherent patients with a follow-up time exceeding 1\u00a0year, and cohort 2 comprised all patients independent of adherence. The exposures were ACEIs, ARBs, BBs, CCBs, and thiazides. The primary outcome was the time to the first prescription for an acute cardiac drug therapy (CDT) measured using valid drug proxies to identify the first major cardiovascular event. A per-protocol analytical approach was adopted with inverse probability of treatment weighted (IPTW), time-varying Cox regression analysis to obtain the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In cohort 1 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 22,441), 1,294 patients (5.8%) were prescribed an acute CDT with an average follow-up time of 4.2 \u00b1 2.8\u00a0years. Following IPTW, the hazard measures of ARBs and thiazides were lower than those of BBs (HRs: 0.79 and 0.80, respectively; 95% CIs: 0.64\u20130.97 and 0.69\u20130.94, respectively). Among drug-treated diabetic patients, the hazard measures were even lower, with HR point estimates of 0.43 (CI: 0.19\u20130.98) for ARBs and 0.32 (CI: 0.13\u20130.82) for thiazides. In cohort 2 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 33,427) and sensitivity analysis, the comparative effectiveness results for thiazides and BBs were similar to those for cohort 1.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings of this real-world analysis suggest that the incidence of CDT associated with long-term thiazide or ARB monotherapy is lower than the incidence of CDT with BBs, notably among high-risk patients. Incidences of CDT associated with ACEIs and CCBs were comparable relative to those associated with BBs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1357567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T04:28:03Z","timestamp":1717561683000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comparative effectiveness of antihypertensive monotherapies in primary prevention of cardiovascular events\u2014a real-world longitudinal inception cohort study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xuechun","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maarten J.","family":"Bijlsma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stijn","family":"de Vos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens H. 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