{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T21:47:22Z","timestamp":1789681642210,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold> To conduct a meta-analysis of the effectiveness and safety of ginkgo biloba extract combined with donepezil hydrochloride vs. donepezil for the treatment of vascular dementia (VaD).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Four English databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library) and four Chinese databases [the China National Knowledge Infrastructure Wanfang DATA, the Chongqing VIP Database (VIP), China Biomedical Database (CBM)] were manually searched for literature published from dates of the inception of the databases to September 2023. The randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of ginkgo biloba extract with donepezil hydrochloride vs. donepezil for the treatment of VaD were included. Relevant literature was screened, and the data in the included studies were extracted for quality assessment according to the Risk of bias tool.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> A total of 1,309 participants were enrolled in the 15 RCTs. Of these, 656 participants were in the experimental group (ginkgo biloba extract combined with donepezil) and 653 participants were in the control group (donepezil).The results showed that combination therapy was superior to donepezil alone, and there were statistically significant differences in several outcomes including RR in change for total effective rate (1.28, 95% confidence intervals 1.20, 1.38, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001), MD in change for Mini-Mental State Examination score (2.98, 95%CI 2.31, 3.65, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001), Barthel Index score (8.55,95%CI 1.11, 15.99, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.024), Activity of Daily Living Scale (ADL)score (10.11,95% CI 7.16,13.07,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> Ginkgo biloba extract combined with donepezil dramatically improved the total effective rate, MMSE, BI and ADL scores, and decreased homocysteine (HCY), plasma viscosity (PV), whole blood viscosity at high cut (BVH) and whole blood viscosity at low cut (BVL) in VaD patients, while the effect on mean flow velocity and pulse index (PI) of middle cerebral artery (MCA) is not obvious. However, more relevant high-quality RCTs are needed to validate these results.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Systematic Review Registration:<\/jats:bold> Identifier CRD42023474678.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1374482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T05:02:38Z","timestamp":1719982958000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Efficacy and safety of ginkgo biloba extract combined with donepezil hydrochloride in the treatment of Chinese patients with vascular dementia: A systematic review meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Liangyi","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huizhong","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiliang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Le","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dahua","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000266625.31615.f6","article-title":"Galantamine treatment of vascular dementia: a randomized trial","volume":"69","author":"Auchus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1673-4777.2012.08.021","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of donepezil hydrochloride combined with ginkgo biloba leaves in the treatment of vascular dementia","volume":"7","author":"Bao","year":"2012","journal-title":"China Med."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Cd005593","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.Cd005593","article-title":"Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"2006","author":"Birks","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200700098","article-title":"Potential interaction of Ginkgo biloba leaf with antiplatelet or anticoagulant drugs: what is the evidence?","volume":"52","author":"Bone","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2005.01.028","article-title":"Methanesulfonyl fluoride, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, attenuates simple learning and memory deficits in ischemic rats","volume":"1038","author":"Borlongan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.3760\/j.issn:1006-7876.2002.04.036","article-title":"Draft diagnostic criteria for vascular dementia","volume":"35","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chin. J. NEUROLOGY"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1000-7377.2018.03.034","article-title":"The clinical effect of ginkgo biloba combined with nimodipine on the Hcy,S100B and cognitive function of patients with mild to moderate vascular dementia","volume":"47","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Shaanxi Med. J."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1674-3296.2011.13.037","article-title":"Clinical observation on the combination of ginkgo biloba injection and donepezil in the treatment of 41 cases of elderly vascular dementia","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin. J. Clin. Ration. DRUG USE"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1007-614x.2020.01.051","article-title":"Clinical effect of donepezil hydrochloride combined with ginkgo leaf extract and armillariella mellea powders oral solution in the treatment of vascular dementia","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. Community Dr."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.55.11.1449","article-title":"Folate, vitamin B12, and serum total homocysteine levels in confirmed Alzheimer disease","volume":"55","author":"Clarke","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/s0003-9993(00)90052-2","article-title":"Ginkgo biloba extract: mechanisms and clinical indications","volume":"81","author":"Diamond","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1008-8849.2021.11.007","article-title":"Efficacy of ginkgolides injection combined with donepezil on vascular dementia and its influence on oxidative stress","volume":"30","author":"Duan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mod. J. Integr. Traditional Chin. West. Med."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1016\/s0149-2918(03)80168-6","article-title":"An open-label extension trial of galantamine in patients with probable vascular dementia and mixed dementia","volume":"25","author":"Erkinjuntti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1053\/scnp.2003.50004","article-title":"Vascular dementia","volume":"8","author":"Erkinjuntti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Semin. Clin. Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.4065\/81.10.1350","article-title":"Use of antidementia agents in vascular dementia: beyond Alzheimer disease","volume":"81","author":"Farlow","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-017-0459-3","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy for vascular cognitive impairment","volume":"31","author":"Farooq","year":"2017","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.12083\/sysj.2020.19.012","article-title":"Analysis of cognitive function and quality of life of patients with vascular dementia treated with donepezil hydrochloride and ginkgo leaf","volume":"23","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Pract. Nerv. Dis."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-022-01136-8","article-title":"Benefits of treatment with ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 alone or combined with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in vascular dementia","volume":"42","author":"Garc\u00eda-Alberca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Drug Investig."},{"key":"B19","first-page":"509","article-title":"Developmental disorders in the fourth edition of the American classification: diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM IV -- optional book)","volume":"28","author":"Gmitrowicz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Pol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2948","DOI":"10.19435\/j.1672-1721.2019.20.094","article-title":"Clinical study on ginkgo biloba extract injection combined with donepezil hydrochloride tablets in the treatment of vascular dementia","volume":"23","author":"Guan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Forum"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1001-8174.2018.08.043","article-title":"Clinical observation on the combination of ginkgo biloba injection and donepezil hydrochloride in the treatment of vascular dementia patients","volume":"29","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mod. Diagnosis Treat."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1674-4985.2010.19.006","article-title":"Clinical observation of aricept combined with cinepazide maleate on vascular dementia","volume":"7","author":"Guo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. INNOVATION CHINA"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.13463\/j.cnki.cczyy.2016.04.037","article-title":"Aricept combined with Ginkgo Biloba Leaves extract tablets in treatment of vascular cognitive impairment","volume":"32","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Changchun Univ. Traditional Chin. Med."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses","volume":"327","author":"Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.7661\/j.cjim.20190929.327","article-title":"Clinical study on the adjuvant treatment of yinxing damo injection in cognitive impairment of cerebral small vessel disease","volume":"39","author":"Hou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. J. Integr. Traditional West. Med."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1291217","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of a once daily formulation of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761\u00ae in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and vascular dementia: results from a randomised controlled trial","volume":"45","author":"Ihl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1006-2963.2010.06.001","article-title":"Exploration of clinical diagnostic criteria for vascular dementia","volume":"17","author":"Jia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. J. Neuroimmunol. NEUROLOGY"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.12.030","article-title":"The pathology and pathophysiology of vascular dementia","volume":"134","author":"Kalaria","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"h369","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h369","article-title":"Assessment and management of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia","volume":"350","author":"Kales","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13095","article-title":"Treatment of dementia and mild cognitive impairment with or without cerebrovascular disease: expert consensus on the use of Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb 761\u00ae","volume":"25","author":"Kandiah","year":"2019","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1159\/000017092","article-title":"Identification of cognitive impairment in the elderly: homocysteine is an early marker","volume":"10","author":"Lehmann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124710","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1124710","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of ginkgo biloba preparations in the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1099-1166(199804)13:4<235::aid-gps761>3.0.co;2-8","article-title":"Total serum homocysteine in senile dementia of Alzheimer type","volume":"13","author":"McCaddon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.0000032550.90046.38","article-title":"Moderately elevated plasma homocysteine, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genotype, and risk for stroke, vascular dementia, and Alzheimer disease in Northern Ireland","volume":"33","author":"McIlroy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1005-1457.2020.01.045","article-title":"Observation on the therapeutic effect of Ginkgo biloba leaf preparation combined with Doperidone hydrochloride in the treatment of vascular dementia","volume":"28","author":"Miao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sichuan J. Anat."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement","volume":"4","author":"Moher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1097\/00002093-199100520-00007","article-title":"Experimental basis of multi-infarct dementia: memory impairments in rodent models of ischemia","volume":"5","author":"Naritomi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(94)01436-l","article-title":"Neuronal damage and decrease of central acetylcholine level following permanent occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries in rat","volume":"673","author":"Ni","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B39","first-page":"374","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: etiology and pharmacotherapy","volume":"9","author":"Noorbala","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Iran. Med."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(15)00463-8","article-title":"Vascular dementia","volume":"386","author":"OBrien","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.0000020094.08790.49","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of memantine in patients with mild to moderate vascular dementia: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial (MMM 300)","volume":"33","author":"Orgogozo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B42","first-page":"2946","article-title":"Clinical study on Yinxingye Capsules combined with mecobalamin in treatment of cerebrovascular cognitive impairment","volume":"34","author":"Qu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Article"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-005-0019-2","article-title":"Cholinergic dysfunction in vascular dementia","volume":"7","author":"Rom\u00e1n","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2005.10.004","article-title":"Vascular determinants of cholinergic deficits in Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia","volume":"27","author":"Rom\u00e1n","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00422","article-title":"Herbal medicine for cardiovascular diseases: efficacy, mechanisms, and safety","volume":"11","author":"Shaito","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1002-2600.2023.03.008","article-title":"Effects of ginkgo biloba leaf combined with donepezil on cognitive function,hemorheology and serum related in-dexes in patients with vascular dementia","volume":"45","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fujian Med. J."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2009.05.010","article-title":"Protective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761) and its constituents quercetin and ginkgolide B against beta-amyloid peptide-induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells","volume":"181","author":"Shi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8741(96)01379-7","article-title":"The neuroprotective properties of the Ginkgo biloba leaf: a review of the possible relationship to platelet-activating factor (PAF)","volume":"50","author":"Smith","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","article-title":"RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"366","author":"Sterne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"B50","first-page":"89","article-title":"The psychopharmacological effects of Ginkgo biloba extract in normal healthy volunteers","volume":"4","author":"Subhan","year":"1984","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(96)00400-3","article-title":"Relationship between cholinergic dysfunction and discrimination learning disabilities in Wistar rats following chronic cerebral hypoperfusion","volume":"729","author":"Tanaka","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.13638\/j.issn.1671-4040.2021.06.025","article-title":"Improvement of cognitive function and effects of serum NSE and BDNF in patients with vascular dementia by Ginkgo biloba leaves","volume":"21","author":"Tong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pract. Clin. J. Integr. Traditional Chin. West. Med."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000078943.50032.fc","article-title":"Donepezil in vascular dementia: a randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"61","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1674-4985.2019.18.032","article-title":"Therapeutic effect of ginkgo tablet combined with donepezil in patients with vascular dementia","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Innovation China"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2579","DOI":"10.7501\/j.issn.0253-2670.2016.15.001","article-title":"Ginkgo biloba leaves: a model for the research and development of traditional Chinese medicine\/plant medicine","volume":"47","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. Traditional Herb. Drugs"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.13422\/j.cnki.syfjx.2014200210","article-title":"Curative effect on vascular dementia disease and mechanism of action of extract of ginkgo biloba injection combined with donepezil","volume":"20","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. J. Exp. Traditional Med. Formulae"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1000-4718.2015.10.331","article-title":"The preventive and therapeutic effects of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract on Alzheimer\u2019s disease and its mechanism","author":"Zeng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. J. Pathophysiol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8787684","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8787684","article-title":"EGb in the treatment for patients with VCI: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2021","author":"Zhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8636835","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8636835","article-title":"Studies of the anti-amnesic effects and mechanisms of single and combined use of donepezil and ginkgo ketoester tablet on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice","volume":"2019","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.113711","article-title":"Enhanced anti-amnestic effect of donepezil by Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) via further improvement in pro-cholinergic and antioxidative activities","volume":"269","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1674-4659.2020.02.0155","article-title":"Observation on the efficacy of ginkgo ketone ester dropping pills combined with donepezil in the treatment of mild and moderate vascular dementia","volume":"27","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Eng."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2024.1374482\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T05:03:13Z","timestamp":1719982993000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2024.1374482\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"references-count":61,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2024.1374482"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2024.1374482","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"article-number":"1374482"}}