{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T17:39:22Z","timestamp":1781804362100,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Objectives:<\/jats:bold> To know the frequency and characteristics of neurological manifestations of probable immune origin occurring after exposure to COVID-19 vaccination. In addition, to pre-study the usefulness of the Spanish pharmacovigilance system and lymphocyte transformation test in establishing causality.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Retrospective case study, including patients admitted to the Neurology department from January 2021 to May 2022 with a probable neuroimmune disorder. Demographic, clinical and COVID-19 vaccination antecedent data were collected from medical records.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> From a total of 108 patients, 30 were excluded due to a different etiological diagnosis after follow-up. Thirty-six patients (46.2%) had received the COVID-19 vaccine in the previous 3\u00a0months (21.8% during the previous month). BioNTech-Pfizer vaccine was the most frequent in this group (63.9%). 69\/108 were female and mean age 51.2\u00a0years (SD 22.59), with no significant difference with not recently-vaccinated (U-Mann Whitney, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.256). The neurological syndromes found were (vaccinated\/total): polyradiculoneuropathy (8\/16), encephalitis (5\/11), multiple sclerosis relapse (5\/16), optic neuritis (1\/4), myelitis (3\/6), cranial neuropathy (6\/10), aseptic meningitis (1\/3) and others (7\/11). Acute immunosuppressive treatment was administered in 61.1% of cases and 47.2% presented complete clinical improvement, without significant differences with non-vaccinated patients (chi-square, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.570). Eleven vaccinated patients were studied in the pharmacovigilance office for possible adverse drug reaction. Causality according to the Spanish pharmacovigilance system (SPVS) algorithm was \u201cRelated\u201d to COVID-19 vaccine (score \u2265 4) in 11 cases with positive <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> study (lymphocyte transformation test) to polyethylene glycol-2000 and polysorbate-80 in 4 cases.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> Neuroimmune disorders appearing after administration of COVID-19 vaccine do not seem to present important differentiating clinical and\/or evolutive features. Delayed hypersensitivity to vaccine excipients could be one of the pathophysiological mechanisms, and lymphocyte transformation test is a useful tool to identify it.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1376474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T05:01:10Z","timestamp":1723093270000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Neurological manifestations of immune origin after COVID-19 vaccination: retrospective case study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Juan","family":"Granja L\u00f3pez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Estebas Armas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Lorenzo Dieguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inmaculada","family":"Puertas Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"De Celis Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Rigual","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mireya","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Fournier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Torres Iglesias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"S\u00e1nchez Velasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Tall\u00f3n Barranco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Rogozina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Lacruz Ballester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"19o Informe de Farmacovigilancia sobre Vacunas COVID-19 | Agencia Espa\u00f1ola de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios2024"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcli.2016.06.012","article-title":"Evaluaci\u00f3n de la causalidad en las comunicaciones de reacciones adversas a medicamentos. 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