{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T16:41:47Z","timestamp":1790095307962,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Chinese herbal footbaths (CHF) as an adjunctive therapy in managing dysmenorrhea.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ten electronic databases were searched to identify eligible randomized clinical trials (RCTs) from inception until June 2023. Outcome measurements encompassed the total effective rate, visual analog scale (VAS) score of pain intensity, Cox menstrual symptom scale (CMSS) score, symptom score, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) syndrome scale, and any reported adverse events. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed with the Cochrane collaboration tool. Review Manager 5.3 software was employed for quantitative synthesis, and funnel plots were utilized to evaluate potential reporting bias.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eighteen RCTs with 1,484 dysmenorrhea patients were included. The aggregated results suggested that the adjunctive CHF could significantly ameliorate dysmenorrhea, as evident from the improved total effective rate [risk ratio (RR) 1.18, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.12 to 1.23, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.00001], VAS (MD 0.88, 95% CI: 0.68 to 1.09, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.00001), CMSS (MD 3.61, 95% CI: 2.73 to 4.49, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.00001), symptom score (SMD 1.09, 95% CI: 0.64 to 1.53, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.00001), and TCM syndrome scale (MD 3.76, 95% CI: 2.53 to 4.99, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.0001). In addition, CHF presented fewer adverse events with a better long-term effect (RR 1.34, 95% CI: 1.11 to 1.63, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.01) and diminished recurrence rate (RR 0.19, 95% CI: 0.09 to 0.39, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.0001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Current evidence implies that CHF may be an effective and safe adjunctive therapy for patients with dysmenorrhea. However, the methodological quality of the studies included was undesirable, necessitating further verification with more well-designed and high-quality multicenter RCTs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Systematic Review Registration:<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/display_record.php?RecordID=188256<\/jats:ext-link>, identifier registration number.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1397359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T09:30:01Z","timestamp":1722850201000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effectiveness and safety of Chinese herbal footbaths as an adjuvant therapy for dysmenorrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xiaoping","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingwen","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yijia","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoding","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenying","family":"Huai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunhui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.12023.10817","article-title":"Perspectives on osteoarthritis treatment with mesenchymal stem cells and Radix achyranthis bidentatae","volume":"15","author":"An","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aging Dis"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13730","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232213730","article-title":"Coordination of AMPK and YAP by Spatholobi caulis and procyanidin B2 pcrovides antioxidant effects in vitro and in vivo","volume":"23","author":"Bae","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B3","first-page":"88","article-title":"Research progress on chemical constitutents and pharmacological effects of safflower","volume":"41","author":"Bai","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Xinxiang Med. Univ."},{"key":"B4","article-title":"Research progress of Ligusticum and its drug pairs","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. Archives Traditional Chin. Med."},{"key":"B5","unstructured":"The prevalence and impact of dysmenorrhea in young women within the United States433\n            CampbellA.-J.\n          2019"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1093\/jpp\/rgae007","article-title":"Oligo\/polysaccharides from Cyathula officinalis and Achyranthes bidentata: a review of structures and bioactivities","volume":"76","author":"Chai","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.117481","article-title":"Elucidation of the anti-\u03b2-cell dedifferentiation mechanism of a modified Da Chaihu Decoction by an integrative approach of network pharmacology and experimental verification","volume":"321","author":"Chen","year":"","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900459","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.900459","article-title":"Integration of non-targeted metabolomics and targeted quantitative analysis to elucidate the synergistic antidepressant effect of bupleurum chinense DC paeonia lactiflora Pall herb pair by regulating purine metabolism","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.14148\/j.issn.1672-0482.2019.0623","article-title":"Progress and prospects on the development of liposomes for dermal and transdermal delivery application in the field of traditional Chinese medicine","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nanjing Univ. Traditional Chin. Med."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-024-02985-0","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of Spatholobi Caulis treatment for cholangiocarcinoma based on network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation","author":"Chen","year":"","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Archives Pharmacol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/64691","article-title":"Analysis of raw and processed cyperi rhizoma samples using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in rats with primary dysmenorrhea","author":"Chen","year":"","journal-title":"Jove-Journal Vis. Exp"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079631","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2023.1079631","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of the Guizhi decoction on osteoarthritis based on an integrated network pharmacology and RNA sequencing approach with experimental validation","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.02.050","article-title":"A systematic review on the rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. (Chuanxiong)","volume":"119","author":"Chen","year":"","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2018.04.041","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling to study the anti-dysmenorrhea effect of Guizhi Fuling capsule on primary dysmenorrhea rats","volume":"48","author":"Cheng","year":"","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2644","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15122644","article-title":"Analysis of network pharmacological efficacy and therapeutic effectiveness in animal models for functional dyspepsia of foeniculi fructus","volume":"15","author":"Choi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B16","first-page":"3686","article-title":"Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu decoction improves hemorheology and inhibits inflammatory response after PCI for acute myocardial infarction","volume":"15","author":"Dang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110127","article-title":"Gan-Jiang-Ling-Zhu decoction alleviates hepatic steatosis in rats by the miR-138-5p\/CPT1B axis","volume":"127","author":"Dang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"B18","first-page":"512","article-title":"Primary dysmenorrhea in adolescents: prevalence, impact and recent knowledge","volume":"13","author":"De Sanctis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Endocrinol. Rev. PER"},{"key":"B19","first-page":"3842","article-title":"Research progress on traditional Chinese medicine in treatment of dysmenorrhea","volume":"53","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. Traditional Herb. Drugs"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4415","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25194415","article-title":"Significance of artemisia vulgaris L. (Common mugwort) in the history of medicine and its possible contemporary applications substantiated by phytochemical and pharmacological studies","volume":"25","author":"Ekiert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2024.113975","article-title":"Dimeric diarylheptanoids with anti-inflammatory activity from Zingiber officinale","volume":"219","author":"Fang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3218","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3218","article-title":"Traditional Chinese medicine foot bath combined with acupoint massage for the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 31 RCTs","volume":"36","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes-Metabolism Res. Rev."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.117862","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying the synergistic effects of chuanxiong combined with Chishao on treating acute lung injury based on network pharmacology and molecular docking combined with preclinical evaluation","volume":"325","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115959","article-title":"Effect of Paeoniae Radix Rubra (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) extract on mucin secretion, gene expression in human airway epithelial cells","volume":"303","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6158","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb44120420","article-title":"Artemisiae argyi water extract alleviates obesity-induced metabolic disorder","volume":"44","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116500","article-title":"A comprehensive review: botany, phytochemistry, traditional uses, pharmacology, and toxicology of Spatholobus suberectus vine stems","volume":"312","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2016.03.067","article-title":"Effects and mechanisms of Shaofu-Zhuyu decoction and its major bioactive component for Cold - stagnation and Blood - stasis primary dysmenorrhea rats","volume":"186","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmv039","article-title":"What we know about primary dysmenorrhea today: a critical review","volume":"21","author":"Iacovides","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.4082\/kjfm.21.0103","article-title":"Primary dysmenorrhea: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment updates","volume":"43","author":"Itani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Korean J. Fam. Med."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2006.03.025","article-title":"Prostaglandin receptors are mediators of vascular function in endometrial pathologies","volume":"252","author":"Jabbour","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo9110244","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of cyperi rhizome against corticosterone-induced PC12 cell injury via suppression of Ca2+ overloading","volume":"9","author":"Jia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15051361","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of east asian herbal formulae containing astragali radix-cinnamomi ramulus herb-pair against diabetic peripheral neuropathy and mechanism prediction: a bayesian network meta-analysis integrated with network pharmacology","volume":"15","author":"Jo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxt009","article-title":"The prevalence and risk factors of dysmenorrhea","volume":"36","author":"Ju","year":"2014","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Rev."},{"key":"B108","first-page":"1","article-title":"Plants in Traditional Medicine with Special Reference to Cyperus rotundus L","volume":"8","author":"Kamala","year":"2018","journal-title":"A. Review."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2017.05.028","article-title":"Crude terpene glycoside component from Radix paeoniae rubra protects against isoproterenol-induced myocardial ischemic injury via activation of the PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR signaling pathway","volume":"206","author":"Ke","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4181696","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4181696","article-title":"Dehydrocorydaline accounts the majority of anti-inflammatory property of Corydalis rhizoma in cultured macrophage","volume":"2020","author":"Kong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Evidence-Based Complementary Altern. Med."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X22500410","article-title":"Zingiber officinale: a systematic review of botany, phytochemistry and pharmacology of gut microbiota-related gastrointestinal benefits","volume":"50","author":"Lai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4017","DOI":"10.19540\/j.cnki.cjcmm.20200714.201","article-title":"Research progress on chemical constituents from Artemisiae Argyi Folium and their pharmacological activities and quality control","volume":"45","author":"Lan","year":"2020","journal-title":"China J. Chin. Materia Medica"},{"key":"B38","first-page":"46","article-title":"Clinical observation on 30 cases of dysmenorrhea treated with wenjing Decoction and foot bath","volume":"34","author":"Lei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Yunnan J. Traditional Chin. Med. Material Medica"},{"key":"B39","volume-title":"Clinical observation on 30 cases of dysmenorrhea (cold coagulation and blood stasis syndrome) treated with wenjing Decoction and foot bath","author":"Lei","year":"2014"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chmed.2023.09.002","article-title":"Clinical value-oriented research paradigm about inheritance and innovation development of TCM dominant diseases","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Chin. Herb. Med."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2947","DOI":"10.19540\/j.cnki.cjcmm.20200102.401","article-title":"Prescription compatibility connotation and action mechanism of Siwu Decoction in treating primary dysmenorrhea","volume":"45","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e36588","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000036588","article-title":"Zhishi Xiebai Guizhi Decoction for coronary heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"103","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2022.123434","article-title":"Uncovering the effects and mechanism of Danggui Shaoyao San intervention on primary dysmenorrhea by serum metabolomics approach","volume":"1209","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B-Analytical Technol. Biomed. Life Sci."},{"key":"B44","first-page":"1415","article-title":"Research progress on chemical constituents, pharmacological effects and clinical applications of Angelicae Sinensis Radix and Chuanxiong Rhizoma drug pairs","volume":"55","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Chin. Traditional Herb. Drugs"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1194823","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1194823","article-title":"Combining network pharmacology, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and experimental verification to examine the efficacy and immunoregulation mechanism of FHB granules on vitiligo","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5608","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.5608","article-title":"Integrated UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and network pharmacology approach-driven quality marker discovery of Danggui Shaoyao San for primary dysmenorrhea","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"","journal-title":"Biomed. Chromatogr."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115656","article-title":"Carthamus tinctorius L. a natural neuroprotective source for anti-Alzheimer's disease drugs","volume":"298","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2022.113159","article-title":"Isoindolines and phthalides from the rhizomes of Ligusticum chuanxiong and their relaxant effects on the uterine smooth muscle","volume":"198","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116279","article-title":"Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and pharmacokinetics of the root bark of Paeonia x suffruticosa andrews: a comprehensive review","volume":"308","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/jphp.13189","article-title":"The traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Cinnamomi ramulus: a review","volume":"72","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2021.114037","article-title":"A network-based analysis and experimental validation of traditional Chinese medicine Yuanhu Zhitong Formula in treating neuropathic pain","volume":"274","author":"Liu","year":"","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/S0254-6272(15)30079-0","article-title":"Clinical observation on the primary dysmenorrhea with cold coagulation and blood stasis treated with Internal and external therapy of Chinese herbal","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pract. Traditional Chin. Med."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3484","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1001-1528.2021.12.044","article-title":"Comparative study on the analgesic effects of Euodiae Fructus before and after wine-processing and its therapeutic material basis","volume":"43","author":"Liu","year":"","journal-title":"Chin. Tradit. Pat. Med."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/13543776.2019.1562547","article-title":"Scientific and technological prospection on transdermal formulations and complementary therapies for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea","volume":"29","author":"Lopes Dias","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Pat."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.116016","article-title":"Integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analysis reveals Guizhi-Fuling Wan inhibiting STAT3-EMT in ovarian cancer progression","volume":"170","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S380006","article-title":"Disease burden of dysmenorrhea: impact on life course potential","volume":"15","author":"MacGregor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Womens Health"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9030257","article-title":"Understanding traditional Chinese medicine therapeutics: an overview of the basics and clinical applications","volume":"9","author":"Matos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"B58","first-page":"3057","article-title":"Study on the mechanism of fennel extract in treatment of primary dysmenorrha in mice","volume":"37","author":"Mo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Maternal Child Health Care China"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.08.108","article-title":"Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug resistance in dysmenorrhea: epidemiology, causes, and treatment","volume":"218","author":"Oladosu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstetrics Gynecol."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116854","article-title":"Spatholobi caulis: a systematic review of its traditional uses, chemical constituents, biological activities and clinical applications","volume":"317","author":"Pan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B61","volume-title":"Clinical observation on the primary dysmenorrhea of congealing cold and blood stasis with foot bath method combined with the oral ShaoFu ZhuYu granule","author":"Qu","year":"2012"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1674-4985.2012.05.025","article-title":"86 cases of primary.dysmenorrhea with cold coagulation and blood stasis treated with Chinese medicine foot bath and Shaofu Zhuyu granule","volume":"9","author":"Qu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. J. Traditional Med. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B63","first-page":"1","article-title":"Scafflower Injection has effect on No, Ca 2+, MDA and SOD in serum in model mice with dysmenorrhea","volume":"52","author":"Shao","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Chin. Med."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/1747-0080.12835","article-title":"Omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids as a potential treatment for reducing dysmenorrhoea pain: systematic literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"81","author":"Snipe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr. Dietetics"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chmed.2018.11.001","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of traditional Chinese herbal prescriptions for primary dysmenorrhea","volume":"11","author":"Sosorburam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. Herb. Med."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746777","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.746777","article-title":"Ethnopharmacological survey of traditional Chinese medicine pharmacy prescriptions for dysmenorrhea","volume":"12","author":"Su","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115658","article-title":"Artemisia argyi extract induces apoptosis in human gemcitabine-resistant lung cancer cells via the PI3K\/MAPK signaling pathway","volume":"299","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341651","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1341651","article-title":"Chishao (Paeoniae Radix Rubra) alleviates intra-hepatic cholestasis by modulating NTCP in rats","volume":"15","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.01054","article-title":"Efficacy, chemical constituents, and pharmacological actions of Radix paeoniae rubra and Radix paeoniae alba","volume":"11","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16101371","article-title":"Multitargeted herbal prescription so shiho Tang: a scoping review on biomarkers for the evaluation of therapeutic effects","volume":"16","author":"Tran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004341","article-title":"Primary dysmenorrhea: diagnosis and therapy","volume":"137","author":"Tu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obstetrics Gynecol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2024.01.017","article-title":"A multidimensional appraisal of early menstrual pain experience","volume":"230","author":"Tu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. obstetrics Gynecol."},{"key":"B73","first-page":"2361","article-title":"Modern research progress and quality marker prediction analysis of Moutan Cortex","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"J. Chin. Med. Mater."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965902","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.965902","article-title":"Systematic review of ethnomedicine, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Cyperi Rhizoma","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.13422\/j.cnki.syfjx.20201072","article-title":"Progress of historical evolution of processing, chemical compositions and pharmacological effects of foeniculi fructus","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Exp. Traditional Med. Formulae"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5410","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.5410","article-title":"The effect of anti-alcoholic gastric ulcer before and after vinegar-processed Yuanhu Zhitong prescription based on spectral-effect relationship","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Biomed. Chromatogr."},{"key":"B77","volume-title":"Effects of the active ingredients composition","author":"Wang","year":""},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2023.152363","article-title":"dl-THP recovered the decreased NKp44 expression level on CD56dim CD16+natural killer cells partially in choriocarcinoma microenvironment","volume":"228","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6093","DOI":"10.19540\/j.cnki.cjcmm.20230803.401","article-title":"Therapeutic effect of Leonuri Herba aqueous decoction on primary dysmenorrhea in rats and its metabolomic analysis","volume":"48","author":"Wu","year":"","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21010056","article-title":"Cold exposures in relation to dysmenorrhea among asian and white women","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. public health"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0250685","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250685","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of Chinese herbal footbaths for the treatment of dysmenorrhea: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.19540\/j.cnki.cjcmm.20240126.401","article-title":"Regulating effect of Gegen Decoction on hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis in mice with primary dysmenorrhea","author":"Xiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"China J. Chin. Materia Medica"},{"key":"B83","first-page":"786","article-title":"Series of recent research situation of genuine regional drug(9) recent research situation of genuine regional drug Achyranthes bidentata","volume":"35","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Guangming J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"B84","first-page":"18","article-title":"Clinical observation on Chinese medicine combined with foot bath treating primary dysmenorrhea with cold coagulation and blood stasis","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Shanxi J. Traditional Chin. Med."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.117615","article-title":"Danhong formula alleviates endothelial dysfunction and reduces blood pressure in hypertension by regulating MicroRNA 24-Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase-Serine\/Threonine Kinase- Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase axis","volume":"323","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B86","first-page":"63","article-title":"Clinical observation of ZhuYang XiaoZheng decoction combined with footbaths in the treatment dysmenorrhea of adenomyosis with yang deficiency and cold coagulation","volume":"24","author":"Ye","year":"","journal-title":"Chin. J. Traditional Med. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"B87","article-title":"Clinical observation on the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea with foot bath by Helping Yang and regulating menstruation","author":"Ye","year":"","journal-title":"China Health Care Nutr"},{"key":"B88","first-page":"1531","article-title":"Clinical observation on the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea with Shaowu Zhuyu Decoction modified combined with footbaths","volume":"34","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pract. Traditional Chin. Med."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.13935\/j.cnki.sjzx.180735","article-title":"93 cases of primary dysmenorrhea treated by the combination of GeXia ZhuYu decoction and foot bath","volume":"13","author":"Yuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Integr. Traditional West. Med."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.31083\/j.fbl2805094","article-title":"The cardioprotective effects and mechanisms of astragalus-safflower herb pairs on coronary heart disease identified by network pharmacology and experimental verification","volume":"28","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Bioscience-Landmark"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2019.112354","article-title":"The efficacy of Chinese herbal medicines on acute coronary syndrome with renal insufficiency after percutaneous coronary intervention","volume":"248","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1005-5304.2003.04.028","article-title":"82 cases of primary dysmenorrhea treated by Chinese medicine foot bath","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chin. J. Inf. Traditional Chin. Med."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0113862073293191240212091028","article-title":"Construction and application of a traditional Chinese medicine syndrome differentiation model for dysmenorrhea based on machine learning","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comb. Chem. high throughput Screen."},{"key":"B94","first-page":"2199","article-title":"Relation of \u201cproperty-response-component\u201d and action mechanism of Yuanhu Zhitong Dropping Pills based on quality marker (Q-Marker)","volume":"47","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin. Traditional Herb. Drugs"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.7501\/j.issn.1674-6376.2014.02.021","article-title":"Research progress on chemical components of Leonurus japonicus and their pharmacological effects of activating blood and resolving stasis","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Eval. Res."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764904","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.764904","article-title":"Metabolomics study of guizhi fuling capsules in rats with cold coagulation dysmenorrhea","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B97","volume-title":"Observation on the clinical efficacy and PGF2\u03b1 of the oral Wenjing decoction addition and subtraction with the foot bath method on primary dysmenorrhea (cold coagulation and blood stasis syndrome)","author":"Zhang","year":"2017"},{"key":"B98","volume-title":"Clinical observation of LingGui DanShen decoction modified combined with foot bath in the treatment primary dysmenorrhea of cold coagulation and blood stasis type","author":"Zhang","year":"2018"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"828612","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.828612","article-title":"Study of antidepressant-like effects of albiflorin and paeoniflorin through metabolomics from the perspective of cancer-related depression","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Neurology"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115567","article-title":"An optimized herbal combination for the treatment of liver fibrosis: hub genes, bioactive ingredients, and molecular mechanisms","volume":"297","author":"Zhao","year":"","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210667","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1210667","article-title":"Identifying subgroups of patients with type 2 diabetes based on real-world traditional Chinese medicine electronic medical records","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B102","first-page":"526","article-title":"54 cases of a11denomyosis dysmenorrhea with Yang deficiency and cold coagulation treated by footbaths combination of ZhuYang XiaoZheng Decoction","volume":"54","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zhejiang J. Traditional Chin. Med."},{"key":"B103","first-page":"102","article-title":"Clinical effect of zhuyang Xiaozheng Decoction combined with foot bath in treating dysmenorrhea of adenomyosis with Yang deficiency and cold coagulation","volume":"18","author":"Zheng","year":"","journal-title":"Chin. Baby."},{"key":"B104","first-page":"596","article-title":"Treatment of 60 cases of uterine adenomyoma pain with cold and coagulation stasis syndrome by wen yang san han zhu Yu Tang combined with foot bath","volume":"54","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zhejiang J. Traditional Chin. Med."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.14164\/j.cnki.cn11-5581\/r.2020.21.099","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of Traditional Chinese medicine foot bath combined with HongJin XiaoJie Capsule in the Treatment of primary dysmenorrhea with qi stagnation and blood stasis","volume":"14","author":"Zheng","year":"","journal-title":"China Mod. Med."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.14164\/j.cnki.cn11-5581\/r.2020.21.099","article-title":"Clinical observation of Traditional Chinese medicine foot bath combined with HongJin XiaoJie Capsule in the Treatment of primary dysmenorrhea with qi stagnation and blood stasis","volume":"28","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Mod. Drug Appl."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2024.1397359\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T09:30:55Z","timestamp":1722850255000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2024.1397359\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]},"references-count":107,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2024.1397359"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2024.1397359","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]},"article-number":"1397359"}}