{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T14:44:25Z","timestamp":1787755465764,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"Introduction:<\/jats:title>B. bovis<\/jats:italic> is an apicomplexan parasite responsible for bovine babesiosis, a tick-borne disease with a worldwide impact. The disease remains inefficiently controlled, and few effective drugs, including imidocarb dipropionate (ID), are currently available in endemic areas. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether buparvaquone (BPQ), a drug currently used to treat cattle infected with the Babesia<\/jats:italic>-related Theileria spp.<\/jats:italic> parasites, could be active against Babesia<\/jats:italic> parasites. Herein, we compared the effect of ID and BPQ on B. bovis<\/jats:italic> growth in vitro<\/jats:italic> erythrocyte culture.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods:<\/jats:title>We compared the effect of ID and BPQ on the culture-adapted Texas T2Bo strain of B. bovis. In vitro<\/jats:italic> cultured parasites were incubated with ID and BPQ at two starting parasitemia levels (PPE), 0.2% and 1%. In vitro<\/jats:italic> cultured parasites were treated with ID or BPQ at concentrations ranging from 10 to 300\u00a0nM, during 4 consecutive days. Parasitemia levels were daily evaluated using microscopic examination. Data was compared using the independent Student\u2019s t-test.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results and discussion:<\/jats:title>Both ID and BPQ significantly inhibited (p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05) the growth of B. bovis<\/jats:italic>, regardless of the initial parasitemia used. At 1% parasitemia, BPQ had lower calculated inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50: 50.01) values than ID (IC50: 117.3). No parasites were found in wells with 0.2% starting parasitemia, treated previously with 50\u00a0nM of BPQ or ID, after 2\u00a0days of culture without drugs. At 1% parasitemia, no parasite survival was detected at 150\u00a0nM of BPQ or 300\u00a0nM of ID, suggesting that both drugs acted as babesiacidals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>Overall, the data suggests that BPQ is effective against B. bovis<\/jats:italic> and shows a residual effect that seems superior to ID, which is currently the first-line drug for treating bovine babesiosis globally.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1407548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T04:23:48Z","timestamp":1714537428000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Comparative efficacy of buparvaquone and imidocarb in inhibiting the in vitro growth of Babesia bovis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Natalia M.","family":"Cardillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Lacy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas F.","family":"Villarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Stone","family":"Doggett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael K.","family":"Riscoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reginaldo G.","family":"Bastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob M.","family":"Laughery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massaro W.","family":"Ueti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos E.","family":"Suarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/s0034-5288(18)32741-3","article-title":"A study of the toxicity of imidocarb dipropionate in cattle","volume":"28","author":"Adams","year":"1980","journal-title":"Res. 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