{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T13:53:24Z","timestamp":1784123604353,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>In traditional Japanese Kampo medicine, a profound anamnesis is completed by clinical examination. The resulting clinical image forms the basis of the patient\u2019s diagnosis pattern, including the recent mental, physical, and social contexts. Kampo questionnaires support pattern diagnosis and bridge traditional and Western medicine diagnoses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims of the study<\/jats:title><jats:p>Traditional Kampo therapy is tailored to a specific body constitution, while Western medicine treatment is tailored to a specific disease. The aims of this study were to analyze whether traditional Kampo diagnosis is applicable to German patients and whether specific symptom patterns are characteristic for defined diseases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Material and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study validates for the first time a Kampo questionnaire adapted for German patients. The analysis focuses on patients with gastrointestinal diseases, the main field for Kampo medicines.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, we prospectively included 251 participants; of those, 58 were cancer patients (23.1%), 35 had Crohn\u2019s disease (13.9%), 18 had ulcerative colitis (7.2%), 17 had irritable bowel syndrome (6.8%), and 103 had other abdominal diseases (41%), as well as 20 German controls (8%). The patient population consisted of 144 female (57.4%) and 107 male (42.6%) participants. The median age was 65\u00a0years. The disease duration (average: 211\u00a0months) varied from 1\u00a0month (cancer patient) to 540\u00a0months (patient with Crohn\u2019s disease). The scores for questions on the state of mind were significantly higher in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) as well as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)\u2014in comparison to the tumor and control groups. This was reflected in questions about abdominal discomfort, appetite, fecal habits, and cold sensation. Accordingly, symptoms of <jats:italic>Qi<\/jats:italic> (i.e., <jats:italic>vital energy<\/jats:italic>) deficiency were mostly observed in patients with chronic diseases such as Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis. Defined symptom combinations did not reflect conventional Western diagnosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study results show that symptom patterns are independent of the underlying disease. They rather depict the individual patient within an individual time frame. Traditional Kampo questionnaires were found to be valid for the analysis of a patients\u2019 body constitution (<jats:italic>sho<\/jats:italic>) and serve as a guide for Kampo treatment. We propose that individual pattern diagnosis should be taken into account to help treatment individualization.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1426491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T04:54:57Z","timestamp":1727412897000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Traditional clinical symptoms and signs: Kampo pattern diagnosis in modern gastrointestinal disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Zedler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"B\u00fcntzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenny","family":"Kuchta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denichiro","family":"Yamaoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nanoha","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silke","family":"Cameron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0233365","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233365","article-title":"Psychologic stress and disease activity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a multicenter cross-sectional study","volume":"15","author":"Araki","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0625-7414","article-title":"Kampo-Medizin in der gastrointestinalen Onkologie","volume":"3","author":"Cameron","year":"2018","journal-title":"zkm"},{"key":"B3","first-page":"597","volume-title":"Leitfaden kampo-medizin. 1. Auflage dezember","author":"Eberhard","year":"2003"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8870","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168870","article-title":"The gut-brain Axis in inflammatory bowel disease\u2014current and future perspectives","volume":"22","author":"G\u00fcnther","year":"2021","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"B5","volume-title":"Lessons in Kampo Practice","author":"Hanawa","year":"1995"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.1093\/jcag\/gwy054","article-title":"The impact of inflammatory bowel disease in Canada 2018: epidemiology","volume":"2","author":"Kaplan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Can. Assoc. Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B8","first-page":"123","article-title":"Traditionelle Japanische Medizin Kampo. Teil 2: Schulrichtungen und philosophische Konzepte","volume":"35","author":"Kuchta","year":"","journal-title":"ZPT"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1371738","article-title":"Traditionelle Japanische Medizin, Kampo Teil 3: Medikamente und Arzneipflanzen der Kampo-Medizin","volume":"35","author":"Kuchta","year":"","journal-title":"ZPT"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1371746","article-title":"Traditionelle japanische Medizin, kampo teil 4: kampo-medizin heute","volume":"35","author":"Kuchta","year":"","journal-title":"ZPT"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1002\/tkm2.1209","article-title":"Traditional Japanese kampo medicine. History of ideas and practice; Part 1: from ancient shamanic practice to the medical academies of Edo","volume":"6","author":"Kuchta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Traditional and Kampo Med."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00917","article-title":"Phytotherapy for cachexia: where do we stand?","volume":"11","author":"Kuchta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imr.2022.100839","article-title":"Kampo medicines for supportive care of patients with cancer: a brief review","volume":"11","author":"Motoo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Integr. Med. Res."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1002\/tkm2.1398","article-title":"Analysis of KAMPO case reports from the viewpoint of \u201cYASUI Classification.\u201d","volume":"11","author":"Motoo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Traditional and Kampo Med."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142281","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1142281","article-title":"The ME-BYO index: a development and validation project of a novel comprehensive health index","volume":"11","author":"Nakamura","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0759-8-5","article-title":"Effects of Kampo on functional gastrointestinal disorders","volume":"8","author":"Oka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biopsychosoc. Med."},{"key":"B17","first-page":"64","volume-title":"Kanpo \u2013 Geschichte, Theorie und Praxis der Chinesisch-Japanischen Traditionellen Medizin. Original Title: Kanpo Igaku","author":"Otsuka","year":"1976"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1349786","article-title":"Moderne Heilkunde vor dem Hintergrund geografischer Herkunft und Ethnie","volume":"35","author":"Pandalis","year":"2014","journal-title":"ZPT"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1097\/gme.0b013e31821643d9","article-title":"The TU-025 keishibukuryogan clinical trial for hot flash management in postmenopausal women: results and lessons for future research","volume":"18","author":"Plotnikoff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1691\/pn.20140013","article-title":"Japanische kampo-medizin","author":"Rei\u00dfenweber-Hewel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmakon"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2164-4534","article-title":"Treatment of dyspeptic symptoms with YamatoGast. A non-interventional study of a registered traditional herbal Rikkunshito extract product from Japanese Kampo Medicine in routine practice in Germany","volume":"62","author":"Rei\u00dfenweber-Hewel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Z Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B22","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Siegenthalers Differenzialdiagnose: Innere Krankheiten - vom Symptom zur Diagnose","author":"Siegenthaler","year":"2005"},{"key":"B7","volume-title":"Explanation of common Kampo prescriptions with abdominal pattern diagrams","author":"Takayama","year":"1991"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2018.00066","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines and evidence for the efficacy of traditional Japanese herbal medicine (kampo) in treating geriatric patients","volume":"5","author":"Takayama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"B24","first-page":"15","volume-title":"Kampo: Praxis der traditionellen fern\u00f6stlichen Phytotherapie anhand von klinischen Fallbeispielen","author":"Terasawa","year":"1994"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1093\/ecam\/neh022","article-title":"Evidence-based reconstruction of Kampo medicine: Part II\u2014the concept of Sho","volume":"1","author":"Terasawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Evidence-Based Complementary Altern. Med."},{"key":"B26","first-page":"1","article-title":"A study of the mechanism of \u201cInai-Teisui\u201d - water-imbalance syndrome","volume-title":"Kampo medicine (2nd report)\/Japanese journal of oriental medicine","author":"Terasawa","year":"1985"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2018.00126","article-title":"Herbal medicine ninjin'yoeito in the treatment of sarcopenia and frailty","volume":"5","author":"Uto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"B28","first-page":"72","volume-title":"Kampo Medicine\u2014The Philosophy of \u201cSame Disease, Different Cure\u201d","author":"Watanabe","year":"2019"},{"key":"B29","unstructured":"International classification of diseases, 11th revision (ICD-11) WHO2019"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751403","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.751403","article-title":"Relationship between conventional medicine chapters in ICD-10 and kampo pattern diagnosis: a cross-sectional study","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535146","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/535146","article-title":"Pattern classification in kampo medicine","volume":"2014","author":"Yakubo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"B32","first-page":"33487","volume-title":"Traditional medicines for modern times: Juzentaihoto (Shi-Qauan-Da-Bu-Tang) scientific evaluation and clinical applications. Taylor&Francis","author":"Yamada","year":"2005"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2024.1426491\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T15:25:37Z","timestamp":1727709937000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2024.1426491\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]},"references-count":32,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2024.1426491"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2024.1426491","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]},"article-number":"1426491"}}