{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:15:48Z","timestamp":1753892148618,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017425","name":"Pr\u00f3-Reitoria de Pesquisa e P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade Federal Do Par\u00e1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017425","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Substance abuse is a major public health problem. In recent years, ketamine, which is a parenteral anesthetic, has been consumed increasingly as an illicit drug together with alcohol, although little is known of how this association alters brain activity. The present study investigated the influence of progressive doses of ketamine, associated with alcohol, on electrophysiological activity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>For this, 72 late-adolescent (8\u201310-week-old) male Wistar rats received either ketamine only, at low (10\u00a0mg\/kg), intermediate (20\u00a0mg\/kg) or high (30\u00a0mg\/kg) doses via intraperitoneal injection, or alcohol (2\u00a0mL\/100\u00a0g) via oral gavage followed by ketamine (at low, intermediate, and high doses). Electroencephalograms (EEG) and electromyographic recordings were obtained 5\u00a0min after the final application of the drug.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>When administered alone, ketamine resulted in an increase in delta, theta, beta, and gamma brainwaves, with a more pronounced effect being detected at the highest dose (30\u00a0mg\/kg) in the case of the delta, beta, and gamma waves. The amplitude of the alpha brainwaves was reduced at all doses of ketamine, but less intensively at the highest dose. When administered alone, alcohol reduced all the brainwaves, with the reduction in the alpha waves being exacerbated by ketamine at all doses, and that of the theta and beta waves being boosted at the lowest dose. The intermediate dose of ketamine (20\u00a0mg\/kg) reverted the alcohol-induced reduction in the theta and gamma waves, whereas the high dose increased delta, theta, beta, and gamma bandpower.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, then, while ketamine enhances the depressant effects of alcohol on the alpha brainwave at all doses, a low dose intensified this effect on the theta and beta 175 waves, whereas a high dose produces neuronal hyperexcitability in the theta and 176 gamma bandpower.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1456009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T05:14:10Z","timestamp":1729055650000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Decreasing brain activity caused by acute administration of ketamine and alcohol \u2013 A randomized, controlled, observer-blinded experimental study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Luan Oliveira","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Padilha da Silveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clarissa A.","family":"Paz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria K.","family":"Otake Hamoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriela B.","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Murilo F.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ra\u00edna M.","family":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony Lucas G.","family":"Amaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karina Dias","family":"Resende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dielly Catrina","family":"Favacho Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mois\u00e9s","family":"Hamoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-018-0136-3","article-title":"The effects of ketamine on prefrontal glutamate neurotransmission in healthy and depressed subjects","volume":"43","author":"Abdallah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.03.005","article-title":"Electroencephalogram signatures of ketamine anesthesia-induced unconsciousness","volume":"127","author":"Akeju","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2012.08.006","article-title":"Management of alcohol abuse","volume":"16","author":"Albanese","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2009.11.080","article-title":"Induced theta oscillations as biomarkers for alcoholism","volume":"121","author":"Andrew","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.05.044","article-title":"Investigating the role of alpha and beta rhythms in functional motor networks","volume":"378","author":"Athanasiou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.11.064","article-title":"Glutamate dysregulation and glutamatergic therapeutics for PTSD: evidence from human studies","volume":"649","author":"Averill","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6431","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20190-4","article-title":"The role of dissociation in ketamine\u2019s antidepressant effects","volume":"11","author":"Ballard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1111\/acem.14159","article-title":"Low\u2010dose ketamine for acute pain control in the emergency department: a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"28","author":"Balzer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acad. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wnp.0000229137.94384.fa","article-title":"Drug effects on EEG","volume":"23","author":"Blume","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000001275","article-title":"Resting-state network-specific breakdown of functional connectivity during ketamine alteration of consciousness in volunteers","volume":"125","author":"Bonhomme","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00150","article-title":"Pre-conceptional and peri-gestational maternal binge alcohol drinking produces inheritance of mood disturbances and alcohol vulnerability in the adolescent offspring","volume":"9","author":"Brancato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"year":"","key":"B12","article-title":"UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE S\u00c3O PAULO Guia Anestesia e Analgesia em animais de laborat\u00f3rio"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2013.12.011","article-title":"Modeling the dynamical effects of anesthesia on brain circuits","volume":"25","author":"Ching","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.08.003","article-title":"The spectrum of alcohol use: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"106","author":"Cohen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.115.012138","article-title":"Adolescent alcohol exposure persistently impacts adult neurobiology and behavior","volume":"68","author":"Crews","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2000.9545759.x","article-title":"Cognitive, dissociative and psychotogenic effects of ketamine in recreational users on the night of drug use and 3 days later","volume":"95","author":"Curran","year":"2000","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2019.19070684","article-title":"A single ketamine infusion combined with motivational enhancement therapy for alcohol use disorder: a randomized midazolam-controlled pilot trial","volume":"177","author":"Dakwar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5187","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13162-w","article-title":"Ketamine can reduce harmful drinking by pharmacologically rewriting drinking memories","volume":"10","author":"Das","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2016.00348","article-title":"Effects of ketamine on resting-state EEG activity and their relationship to perceptual\/dissociative symptoms in healthy humans","volume":"7","author":"de la Salle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145712000545","article-title":"Concomitant BDNF and sleep slow wave changes indicate ketamine-induced plasticity in major depressive disorder","volume":"16","author":"Duncan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(89)90118-1","article-title":"EEG spectral characteristics following ethanol administration in young men","volume":"73","author":"Ehlers","year":"1989","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18222","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75309-w","article-title":"Electrocorticographic patterns dominated by low-frequency waves in camphor-induced seizures","volume":"10","author":"Ferreira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2006.10.021","article-title":"Small-world network organization of functional connectivity of EEG slow-wave activity during sleep","volume":"118","author":"Ferri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.2174\/1874440001206010055","article-title":"DMN operational synchrony relates to self-consciousness: evidence from patients in vegetative and minimally conscious states","volume":"6","author":"Fingelkurts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Open Neuroimag J."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2016.5","article-title":"Ketamine use in current clinical practice","volume":"37","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881117705089","article-title":"Ketamine\u2019s dose-related effects on anxiety symptoms in patients with treatment refractory anxiety disorders","volume":"31","author":"Glue","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2009.10.003","article-title":"Mechanisms involved in the neurotoxic, cognitive, and neurobehavioral effects of alcohol consumption during adolescence","volume":"44","author":"Guerri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6755","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006755","article-title":"NMDA receptor hypofunction leads to generalized and persistent aberrant \u03b3 oscillations independent of hyperlocomotion and the state of consciousness","volume":"4","author":"Hakami","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023279","article-title":"Individual differences in the development of sensation seeking and impulsivity during adolescence: further evidence for a dual systems model","volume":"47","author":"Harden","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.168","article-title":"Gamma and delta neural oscillations and association with clinical symptoms under subanesthetic ketamine","volume":"35","author":"Hong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0250169","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250169","article-title":"Peer influence in adolescent drinking behavior: a meta-analysis of stochastic actor-based modeling studies","volume":"16","author":"Ivaniushina","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2006.02.028","article-title":"S-transform time-frequency analysis of P300 reveals deficits in individuals diagnosed with alcoholism","volume":"117","author":"Jones","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.0071","article-title":"Large-scale network dysfunction in major depressive disorder: a meta-analysis of resting-state functional connectivity","volume":"72","author":"Kaiser","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2020.06.067","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of ketamine and its major metabolites norketamine, hydroxynorketamine, and dehydronorketamine: a model-based analysis","volume":"125","author":"Kamp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.12851","article-title":"The Gateway Hypothesis of substance abuse: developmental, biological and societal perspectives","volume":"104","author":"Kandel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.2147\/SAR.S202996","article-title":"Could the link between drug addiction in adulthood and substance use in adolescence result from a blurring of the boundaries between incentive and hedonic processes?","volume":"10","author":"Kehinde","year":"2019","journal-title":"Subst. Abuse Rehabil."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e38498","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.38498","article-title":"Ketamine treatment for alcohol use disorder: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Kelson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.09.015","article-title":"Historical trends in the grade of onset and sequence of cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use among adolescents from 1976\u20132016: implications for \u201cGateway\u201d patterns in adolescence","volume":"194","author":"Keyes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2014.12.064","article-title":"Diagnostic utility of quantitative EEG in un-medicated schizophrenia","volume":"589","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7800","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23147800","article-title":"Ketamine plus alcohol: what we know and what we can expect about this","volume":"23","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.03.026","article-title":"Rapid-acting glutamatergic antidepressants: the path to ketamine and beyond","volume":"73","author":"Krystal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/28.Supplement_1B.63","article-title":"Contribution of cytochrome P450S to meos (microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system): a specific and sensitive assay of meos activity by hplc with fluorescence labeling","volume":"28","author":"Kunitoh","year":"1993","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1080\/08870446.2017.1325889","article-title":"Binge drinking: health impact, prevalence, correlates and interventions","volume":"32","author":"Kuntsche","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol. Health"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1080\/713752240","article-title":"\u201cGamma (40 Hz) phase synchronicity\u201d and symptom dimensions in schizophrenia","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"","journal-title":"Cogn. Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(02)00220-5","article-title":"Synchronous Gamma activity: a review and contribution to an integrative neuroscience model of schizophrenia","volume":"41","author":"Lee","year":"","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-04832-9","article-title":"Clinical and behavior characteristics of individuals who used ketamine","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2008.03.030","article-title":"Brain function in the minimally conscious state: a quantitative neurophysiological study","volume":"119","author":"Leon-Carrion","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-018-0942-y","article-title":"Default mode network connectivity change corresponds to ketamine\u2019s delayed glutamatergic effects","volume":"270","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2019.172742","article-title":"The effects of sub-anesthetic ketamine plus ethanol on behaviors and apoptosis in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of adolescent rats","volume":"184","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2017.04.018","article-title":"Effects of co-administration of ketamine and ethanol on the dopamine system via the cortex-striatum circuitry","volume":"179","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(86)90403-X","article-title":"EEG alpha activity increases during transient episodes of ethanol-induced euphoria","volume":"25","author":"Lukas","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1987.58.2.251","article-title":"Use-dependent block of excitatory amino acid currents in cultured neurons by ketamine","volume":"58","author":"MacDonald","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2021.11.035","article-title":"Penetrating trauma: relationships to recreational drug and alcohol use","volume":"52","author":"Marco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2985","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199809140-00012","article-title":"Systemic PCP treatment elevates brain extracellular 5-HT: a microdialysis study in awake rats","volume":"9","author":"Martin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(83)90154-2","article-title":"A method for assessing alertness fluctuations from EEG spectra","volume":"55","author":"Matousek","year":"1983","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.08.034","article-title":"Brain maturation of the adolescent rat cortex and striatum: changes in volume and myelination","volume":"84","author":"Mengler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02394.x","article-title":"Ketamine use, cognition and psychological wellbeing: a comparison of frequent, infrequent and ex\u2010users with polydrug and non\u2010using controls","volume":"104","author":"Morgan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02761.x","article-title":"Consequences of chronic ketamine self\u2010administration upon neurocognitive function and psychological wellbeing: a 1\u2010year longitudinal study","volume":"105","author":"Morgan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11694","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0903-15.2015","article-title":"Evidence that subanesthetic doses of ketamine cause sustained disruptions of NMDA and AMPA-mediated frontoparietal connectivity in humans","volume":"35","author":"Muthukumaraswamy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881115581960","article-title":"Chronic ethanol exposure during adolescence through early adulthood in female rats induces emotional and memory deficits associated with morphological and molecular alterations in hippocampus","volume":"29","author":"Oliveira","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2021.08.001","article-title":"What is addiction? History, terminology, and core concepts","volume":"106","author":"Olsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aev095","article-title":"Electroencephalographic coherence and cortical acetylcholine during ketamine-induced unconsciousness","volume":"114","author":"Pal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0000000000000100","article-title":"Cyclic alternating pattern in polysomnography","volume":"20","author":"Parrino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0701483","article-title":"Ethanol inhibition of N -methyl- D -aspartate-activated current in mouse hippocampal neurones: whole-cell patch-clamp analysis","volume":"122","author":"Peoples","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3000411","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000411","article-title":"Reporting animal research: explanation and elaboration for the ARRIVE guidelines 2.0","volume":"18","author":"Percie du Sert","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLOS Biol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5798285","article-title":"A review of nonanesthetic uses of ketamine","volume":"2020","author":"Pribish","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anesthesiol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1142","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1221180110","article-title":"Electroencephalogram signatures of loss and recovery of consciousness from propofol","volume":"110","author":"Purdon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60746-7","article-title":"Global burden of disease and injury and economic cost attributable to alcohol use and alcohol-use disorders","volume":"373","author":"Rehm","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet London, Engl."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbv051","article-title":"Ketamine dysregulates the amplitude and connectivity of high-frequency oscillations in cortical\u2013subcortical networks in humans: evidence from resting-state magnetoencephalography-recordings","volume":"41","author":"Rivolta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881120970879","article-title":"Mystical-type experiences occasioned by ketamine mediate its impact on at-risk drinking: results from a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"35","author":"Rothberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2011.05.011","article-title":"Fast modulation of alpha activity during visual processing and motor control","volume":"189","author":"Sabate","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agh041","article-title":"DIFFERENCES IN BRAIN FUNCTION BETWEEN RELAPSING AND ABSTAINING ALCOHOL-DEPENDENT PATIENTS, EVALUATED BY EEG MAPPING","volume":"39","author":"Saletu-Zyhlarz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e44799","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044799","article-title":"Ketamine decreases resting state functional network connectivity in healthy subjects: implications for antidepressant drug action","volume":"7","author":"Scheidegger","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyy032","article-title":"Ketamine effects on EEG during therapy of treatment-resistant generalized anxiety and social anxiety","volume":"21","author":"Shadli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12376","article-title":"EEG spectral power in phasic and tonic REM sleep: different patterns in young adults and children","volume":"25","author":"Simor","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sleep. Res."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tacc.2014.03.002","article-title":"Ketamine \u2013 more mechanisms of action than just NMDA blockade","volume":"4","author":"Sleigh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Anaesth. Crit. Care"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.07.009","article-title":"Time to Be spontaneous: a renaissance of intrinsic brain activity in psychosis research?","volume":"76","author":"Spencer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593860","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2020.593860","article-title":"Neural mechanisms underlying the rewarding and therapeutic effects of ketamine as a treatment for alcohol use disorder","volume":"14","author":"Strong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2014.228","article-title":"Reverse translation of clinical electrophysiological biomarkers in behaving rodents under acute and chronic NMDA receptor antagonism","volume":"40","author":"Sullivan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(01)00149-6","article-title":"Atlas, rules, and recording techniques for the scoring of cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) in human sleep","volume":"2","author":"Terzano","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sleep. Med."},{"year":"2024","key":"B81","article-title":"World drug report 2024"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12333","article-title":"Binge drinking, reflection impulsivity, and unplanned sexual behavior: impaired decision\u2010making in young social drinkers","volume":"38","author":"Townshend","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1126\/science.164.3882.969","article-title":"Quantitative electroencephalogram in smoking and smoking deprivation","volume":"164","author":"Ulett","year":"1969","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1037\/a0027502","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in behavioral approach system sensitivity and brain structures involved in reward processing during adolescence","volume":"48","author":"Uro\u0161evi\u0107","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2006.00111.x","article-title":"Effects of alcohol on sleep and the sleep electroencephalogram in healthy young women","volume":"30","author":"Van Reen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(99)00031-X","article-title":"Effects of (S)-ketamine on striatal dopamine: a [11C]raclopride PET study of a model psychosis in humans","volume":"34","author":"Vollenweider","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2009.08.011","article-title":"Research on alcohol and adolescent brain development: opportunities and future directions","volume":"44","author":"Witt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"year":"2024","key":"B88","article-title":"Global status report on alcohol and health and treatment of substance use disorders"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S163449","article-title":"The interactive effects of ketamine and ethanol on dopamine expression in the ventral tegmental area of rats","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2024.1456009\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T05:14:12Z","timestamp":1729055652000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2024.1456009\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]]},"references-count":89,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2024.1456009"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2024.1456009","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1663-9812"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]]},"article-number":"1456009"}}