{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:14:09Z","timestamp":1753892049926,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]],"date-time":"2024-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Montrichardia linifera<\/jats:italic> (Arruda) Schott is popularly known as \u201caninga,\u201d \u201caninga\u00e7u,\u201d \u201caninga\u00edba,\u201d and \u201caninga-do-igap\u00f3.\u201d Compresses and plasters made from the leaves of this medicinal plant are used to treat abscesses, tumors, and pain caused by stingray stings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim of the study<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to chemically characterize the methanolic extract of <jats:italic>M. linifera<\/jats:italic> leaves (MEMLL), as well as to verify their acute oral toxicity and antinociceptive potential.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The leaves were collected during the rainy season, and the methanolic extract was obtained after gradient extraction using different solvents. MEMLL was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Acute oral toxicity testing followed the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guideline 423. Subsequently, acetic acid, hot plate, and formalin tests were used to evaluate the analgesic effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the chemical characterization of MEMLL by HPLC, three flavonoids were identified: rutin, quercetin, and epicatechin. In addition, when NMR spectroscopy was performed, rutin and quercetin were again identified, as well as the chemical compounds luteolin and chrysoeriol. In the acute oral toxicity test, MEMLL showed no physiological or behavioral changes. In the nociceptive study, MEMLL showed an effect at doses of 50 and 100\u00a0mg\/kg in the 0.6% acetic acid test, i.e., 51.46% and 75.08%, respectively. In the hot plate test, the MEMLL group at a dose of 50\u00a0mg\/kg was effective at times of 30 and 60\u00a0min, i.e., 164.43% and 122.95%, respectively. Similarly, the MEMLL group at a dose of 100\u00a0mg\/kg was also effective in increasing latency at times of 30 and 60\u00a0min, i.e., 162.62% and 136.68%, respectively. In the formalin test, MEMLL showed an antinociceptive effect on neurogenic pain at doses of 50 and 100\u00a0mg\/kg when compared to the control group, 35.25% and 52.30%, respectively. In the inflammatory phase, inhibition was observed in the MEMLL at doses of 50 and 100\u00a0mg\/kg, i.e., 66.39% and 72.15%, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>MEMLL has analgesic properties and is non-toxic, validating the Brazilian ethnopharmacological use of this plant for pain treatment. The leaves of the species <jats:italic>M. linifera<\/jats:italic> showed central and peripheral antinociceptive effects.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1475157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]],"date-time":"2024-11-20T11:02:44Z","timestamp":1732100564000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Chemical characterization, assessment of acute oral toxicity, and antinociceptive potential of the methanolic extract of Montrichardia linifera (Arruda) Schott leaves from Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Wellington Junior Taisho Nagahama","family":"Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leticia Prazeres de Farias","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan Luz","family":"Tembra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rayan Fidel Martins","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jose Ramon Gama","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Klinsmann Thiago","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anderson de Santana","family":"Botelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raimundo Junior da Rocha","family":"Batista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jofre Jacob da Silva","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wandson Braamcamp de Souza","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabiola Raquel Tenorio","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen Renata Herculano Matos","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anderson Bentes de","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristine Bastos do","family":"Amarante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gilmara de Nazareth Tavares","family":"Bastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e15619","article-title":"Lysionotin exerts antinociceptive effects in various models of nociception induction","volume":"9","author":"Alqudah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-40422011000300010","article-title":"Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o da composi\u00e7\u00e3o mineral do ch\u00e1 da folha senescente de Montrichardia linifera (arruda) schott (araceae) por espectrometria de absor\u00e7\u00e3o at\u00f4mica com chama (FAAS)","volume":"34","author":"Amarante","year":"2011","journal-title":"Quim Nova"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104974","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2021.104974","article-title":"Preclinical safety assessment of the crude extract from Sida rhombifolia L. aerial parts in experimental models of acute and repeated-dose 28 days toxicity in rats","volume":"124","author":"Araldi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Regul. 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