{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T16:12:37Z","timestamp":1793722357078,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Artemisia capillaris<\/jats:italic>, a traditional medicinal plant, is renowned for its therapeutic properties, including the promotion of anti-inflammatory and bile secretion. Notably, it has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of jaundice. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of <jats:italic>Artemisia capillaris<\/jats:italic>-derived exosomes (ACDEs) as a novel therapeutic approach in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The physicochemical properties of ACDEs were isolated and characterized using differential centrifugation, and the therapeutic efficacy was evaluated in an <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet induced NAFLD mouse model. <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>, mouse hepatocytes were treated with palmitic acid (PA) to simulate a high fat environment. Intracellular triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) levels were quantified, and Oil Red O staining was assessed. Additionally, the expression levels of proteins and RNAs associated with lipogenesis and inflammation were analyzed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The NAFLD mouse model exhibited notable liver damage, including lipid deposition and inflammatory responses. However, treatment with ACDEs exhibited broad pharmacological activities, effectively reversing hepatic lipid accumulation and inflammatory damage. <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic> experiments revealed that ACDEs were internalized by AML12 cells via macropinocytosis and caveolin-mediated endocytosis. This treatment ameliorated dysregulated lipid metabolism and inhibited inflammatory responses. High throughput sequencing further identified a distinct small RNA profile in ACDEs, indicating the potential involvement in interspecies physiological regulation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In conclusion, this study provides evidence for the therapeutic potential of ACDEs in NAFLD and offers a novel perspective for the development of Artemisia capillaris-based therapies for NAFLD, related metabolic disorders, and hepatitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1476820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T07:03:12Z","timestamp":1736146992000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Protective effects of small RNAs encapsulated in Artemisia Capillaris-derived exosomes against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Min","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Longjun","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongwei","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shouyong","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.4161\/psb.2.1.3596","article-title":"Do plant cells secrete exosomes derived from multivesicular bodies?","volume":"2","author":"An","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plant Signal. and Behav."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108863","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.108863","article-title":"Yinchenhao decoction suppresses rat liver fibrosis involved in an apoptosis regulation mechanism based on network pharmacology and transcriptomic analysis","volume":"114","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. and Pharmacother."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"tkad003","DOI":"10.1093\/burnst\/tkad003","article-title":"Sphingosine-1-phosphate derived from PRP-Exos promotes angiogenesis in diabetic wound healing via the S1PR1\/AKT\/FN1 signalling pathway","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Burns Trauma"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.309417","article-title":"Methodological guidelines to study extracellular vesicles","volume":"120","author":"Coumans","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. 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