{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T03:33:20Z","timestamp":1789788800895,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100021828","name":"German Academic Exchange Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100021828","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prostate cancer is a significant global health concern, particularly among ageing male populations, with a disproportionately higher burden in sub-Saharan Africa. Conventional treatments, though effective, are costly and cause devastating side effects which limit their clinical benefits. Hence, this study evaluated the <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> antiprostate cancer properties and secondary metabolites of dichloromethane and ethyl acetate lead extracts of <jats:italic>Vitex doniana<\/jats:italic> to explore safer and efficacious natural alternatives based on ethnomedicinal claims.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Phytochemical profiling was conducted using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis to identify secondary metabolites in the extracts. The cytotoxic effects of the extracts were determined through the MTT assay using Vero CCL-81 cells and DU-145 cells. The expression profile of the selected genes (<jats:italic>ar, bcl2, caspase-3, cdk1<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>p53<\/jats:italic>) in DU-145 cells treated with the study extracts was investigated using RT-qPCR.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>GC-MS analysis revealed 10 secondary metabolites in the dichloromethane extract and 27 secondary metabolites in the ethyl acetate extract of <jats:italic>V. doniana<\/jats:italic> leaves, with the majority being sesquiterpenes, diterpenoids, and phytosterols. The dichloromethane and ethyl acetate leaf extracts of <jats:italic>V. doniana<\/jats:italic> exhibited low cytotoxicity against normal mammalian epithelial cells (Vero CCL-81), with CC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> values of 1,238.85\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL and 964.81\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL, respectively. Besides, the ethyl acetate leaf extract of the studied plant demonstrated potent anti-prostate cancer activity against DU-145 cells, with an IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub> of 35.68\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL and a high selectivity index (SI) of 27.04. Likewise, the dichloromethane leaf extract of this plant displayed cytotoxic effects (IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>: 287.01\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL) and a selectivity index of 4.32. The reference drug (Doxorubicin) showed a higher toxicity against Vero CCL-81(IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>: 0.41\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL) and DU-145 (IC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>: 0.28\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL) cells and a lower selectivity index of 1.46. The DU-145 cells treated with the studied plant extracts exhibited notable upregulation of <jats:italic>ar<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>bcl2<\/jats:italic>, and normalization of <jats:italic>caspase 3, cdk1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>p53<\/jats:italic> expression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The studied plant extracts possess <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> anti-prostate cancer properties and could be promising candidates for further preclinical studies aimed at developing novel botanical-based therapies for the management of prostate cancer.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1483856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T09:11:11Z","timestamp":1731575471000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["In vitro anti-prostate cancer efficacy and phytochemical composition of the dichloromethane and ethyl acetate leaf extracts of Vitex doniana (sweet)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Gervason","family":"Moriasi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathew","family":"Ngugi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Mwitari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Omwenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2021.132186","article-title":"Computational and biological efficacy of stigmasterol against HeLa cells and Vero cells-first time isolated from the ethanolic extract of Annonamuricata Linn leaves","volume":"1252","author":"Ahamed","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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