{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T22:26:42Z","timestamp":1789770402145,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002923","name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010747","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010747","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This research was designed to investigate the metabolite profiling, phenolics content, and the trypanocidal, nematicidal, antibacterial, antifungal, and free radical scavenging properties of <jats:italic>Usnea lethariiformis<\/jats:italic> Motyka. The air-dried <jats:italic>U. lethariiformis<\/jats:italic> material was extracted successively with dichloromethane and methanol (UlMeOH). Two phases were obtained from the extract with dichloromethane, one soluble in methanol (UlDCM-s) and the other insoluble (UlDCM-i). The metabolite profiling was obtained using ultra-high-resolution liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS) system. The trypanocidal and nematicidal activities were determined according to standardized protocols. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) rules. The total phenolic content of lichen extracts was determined by the Folin\u2013Ciocalteu method. Antioxidant properties were assessed through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Trolox equivalent antioxidant activity (TEAC), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and inhibition of lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes (ILP) assays, and the extracts exhibited robust antioxidant activity. Seventeen compounds were detected, of which thirteen were identified by UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS analysis, including depsides, depsidones, fatty acids, dibenzofurans, benzoic acids, and triterpenes. The UlDCM-s and UlMeOH extracts displayed strong trypanocidal activity against <jats:italic>Trypanosoma cruzi<\/jats:italic> epimastigotes at 50\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL and 100\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL and a nematicidal activity toward J2 <jats:italic>Meloidogyne incognita<\/jats:italic>, an important nematode infecting horticultural crops. Regarding the antimicrobial activity, the results showed that all bacteria and yeasts tested were inhibited by the different extracts with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values between 25\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL and 500\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL. The UlDCM-s and UlMeOH extracts showed phenolic content of 107\u00a0mg and 48\u00a0mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)\/g dried extract, respectively. The UlDCM-s, UIDCM-i, and UlMeOH extracts showed moderate free radical scavenging activity in the DPPH, FRAP, and TEAC assays until 1\u00a0mg\/mL and ILP tests at 250\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL. The results indicated that <jats:italic>U. lethariiformis<\/jats:italic> may constitute a potential source of diverse bioactivities with application in the food, pharmaceutical, and agronomic industries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1508835","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T04:18:25Z","timestamp":1736137105000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Biological activities of Usnea lethariiformis lichen extracts and UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS analysis of their secondary metabolites"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mauricio","family":"Pi\u00f1eiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sof\u00eda","family":"Manrique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Manuel","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Barrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duilio","family":"Caballero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel A.","family":"Sosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Vargas-Arana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Tapia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario J.","family":"Simirgiotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2019.12.008","article-title":"Endolichenic fungi: a hidden source of bioactive metabolites","volume":"134","author":"Agrawal","year":"2020","journal-title":"S. 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