{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T11:43:03Z","timestamp":1782301383398,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Rituximab has proven efficacy in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS). However, vast majority of children inevitably experience relapse with B-cell repletion, necessitating repeat course of rituximab, which may increase the risk of adverse effects. The timing of additional dosing and optional dosing regimen of rituximab in pediatric patients with INS have yet to be determined. This study aimed to identify factors that influence disease relapse and B-cell repletion to provide tailored treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>LASSO and random survival forest were performed on 143 children to screen covariates which were then included in Cox regression model to determine the biomarkers of relapse and establish a nomogram. A kinetic-pharmacodynamic (K-PD) model was developed in 59 children to characterize the time course of CD19<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> B-cell after rituximab treatment. Monte Carlo simulation was conducted to explore a mini-dose regimen with larger intervals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nomogram contained 7 predictors of relapse including neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, duration of B-cell depletion, duration of disease, urine immunoglobulin G to creatinine ratio, urine transferrin, duration of maintenance immunosuppressant and hemoglobin. As a direct PD indicator, each 1-month increase of duration of B-cell depletion decreased risk of relapse by 21.4% (HR = 0.786; 95% CI: 0.635\u20130.972; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.026). The K-PD model predicted t<jats:sub>1\/2<\/jats:sub> (CV%) of rituximab and CD19<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> B-cell to be 11.6 days (17%) and 173.3 days (22%), respectively. Immunoglobulin A is an important covariate of ED<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>. Simulation of a mini-dose regimen with larger intervals (three 150\u00a0mg every 2 monthly) indicted longer B-cell depletion time (&amp;gt;7\u00a0months) compared to standard regimen.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The nomogram indicated optimal infusion timing before relapse and the K-PD model provided tailored rituximab regimens for children with INS to reduce safety risks and financial burden.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1526936","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T07:13:54Z","timestamp":1736234034000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Kinetic-pharmacodynamic model to predict post-rituximab B-cell repletion as a predictor of relapse in pediatric idiopathic nephrotic syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ziwei","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-219069","article-title":"Lupus or not? 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