{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T01:38:39Z","timestamp":1792028319371,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cadmium (Cd) and polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs), two ubiquitous environmental contaminants, produce unique synergistic toxicity when co-existing. Key unanswered questions include specific effects on liver function and potential mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, C57BL\/6 mice and AML12 cells were used to establish\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      models to elucidate the effects of combined exposure to PS-MPs and Cd on the liver and their mechanisms.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results showed that the combined effects of PS-MPs and Cd caused significantly more liver damage than exposure alone. As observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the number of autophagosomes was significantly increased in the PS-MPs and Cd co-treated group. In addition, autophagic flux was assayed by RFP-GFP-LC3, a reporter system expressing dual fluorescent proteins, which showed an overwhelming enhancement of autophagic flux damage by co-exposure to PS-MPs and Cd compared to exposure alone. To further investigate the involvement of carnitine palmitoyltransferase1(CPT1) in liver injury induced by co-exposure to Cd and PS-MPs, we co-exposed Baicalin, an activator of CPT1, with PS-MPs and Cd, and showed that activation of CPT1 alleviated the impairment of autophagic fluxes induced by co-exposure of Cd and PS-MPs and further alleviated the changes in lipid accumulation and associated protein levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In conclusion, the concurrent exposure of PS-MPs and Cd resulted in the blockage of hepatic lipid accumulation and autophagic pathway and further aggravated the toxic damage to the liver. Activation of CPT1 could alleviate the PS-MPs and Cd-induced lipid accumulation and autophagy pathway blockage thus reducing liver injury.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1533188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T01:59:48Z","timestamp":1736128788000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["CPT1 deficiency blocks autophagic flux to promote lipid accumulation induced by co-exposure to polystyrene microplastic and cadmium"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zhixuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huayi","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhong","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianchun","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zongping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.129977","article-title":"Size-dependent effects of microplastic on uptake, immune system, related gene expression and histopathology of goldfish (Carassius auratus)","volume":"276","author":"Abarghouei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.10.039","article-title":"Distribution and potential health impacts of microplastics and microrubbers in air and street dusts from Asaluyeh County, Iran","volume":"244","author":"Abbasi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. 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