{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:53:39Z","timestamp":1791910419360,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pharmacol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The gut microbiome plays a significant role in dialysis. As disease progresses, the choice of dialysis method and dietary habits change, and the diversity and richness of the gut microbiome in patients on dialysis change as well. The uremic toxins produced exacerbate inflammatory responses and oxidative stress, leading to markedly different incidence rates of complications such as cardiovascular disease and dialysis-associated peritonitis among patients on dialysis. The intake of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and natural medicines during daily life can regulate the gut microbiome, reduce the production of uremic toxins in patients on dialysis. This review found that the occurrence of complications in dialysis patients is related to changes in the gut microbiome and the accumulation of uremic toxins. The use of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and natural medicines can improve these conditions and reduce the incidence of dialysis-related complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1470232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T07:48:16Z","timestamp":1745567296000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Gut microbiome dynamics of patients on dialysis: implications for complications and treatment"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Changlin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaomeng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuting","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiamin","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xudong","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01192","article-title":"Inflammation in renal diseases: new and old players","volume":"10","author":"Andrade-Oliveira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639624","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.639624","article-title":"Altered gut microbiota and gut-derived p-cresyl sulfate serum levels in peritoneal dialysis patients","volume":"12","author":"Bao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-022-00623-7","article-title":"Epidemiology of peritoneal dialysis outcomes","volume":"18","author":"Bello","year":"","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-022-00542-7","article-title":"Epidemiology of haemodialysis outcomes","volume":"18","author":"Bello","year":"","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.47","article-title":"Towards a more comprehensive concept for prebiotics","volume":"12","author":"Bindels","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2020.10.003","article-title":"Effect of dietary inulin supplementation on the gut microbiota composition and derived metabolites of individuals undergoing hemodialysis: a pilot study","volume":"31","author":"Biruete","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2017.06.010","article-title":"Probiotic supplementation in chronic kidney disease: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"28","author":"Borges","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr. official J. Counc. Ren. Nutr. Natl. Kidney Found."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-018-9411-1","article-title":"Effects of probiotic supplementation on trimethylamine-N-oxide plasma levels in hemodialysis patients: a pilot study","volume":"11","author":"Borges","year":"2019","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. proteins"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2011121135","article-title":"Recent peritonitis associates with mortality among patients treated with peritoneal dialysis","volume":"23","author":"Boudville","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434608","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/434608","article-title":"Peritoneal dialysis drop-out: causes and prevention strategies","volume":"2011","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2016.10.005","article-title":"Trimethylamine-N-Oxide: friend, foe, or simply caught in the cross-fire?","volume":"28","author":"Cho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfg318","article-title":"Is malnutrition an independent predictor of mortality in peritoneal dialysis patients?","volume":"18","author":"Chung","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transpl."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD013631","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013631.pub2","article-title":"Synbiotics, prebiotics and probiotics for people with chronic kidney disease","volume":"10","author":"Cooper","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-016-0195-9","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota in pediatric patients with end stage renal disease: a Midwest Pediatric Nephrology Consortium study","volume":"4","author":"Crespo-Salgado","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2014.05.006","article-title":"Effects of a symbiotic on gut microbiota in Mexican patients with end-stage renal disease","volume":"24","author":"Cruz-Mora","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2021.01.003","article-title":"Shaping the future of probiotics and prebiotics","volume":"29","author":"Cunningham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12820","article-title":"Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome","volume":"505","author":"David","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020646","article-title":"Effect of unripe banana flour on gut-derived uremic toxins in individuals undergoing peritoneal dialysis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial","volume":"13","author":"de Andrade","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7452","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24087452","article-title":"Detailing protein-bound uremic toxin interaction mechanisms with human serum albumin in the pursuit of designing competitive binders","volume":"24","author":"Dehghan Niestanak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8952","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i29.8952","article-title":"Effects of cereal fiber on bowel function: a systematic review of intervention trials","volume":"21","author":"de Vries","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2020.8184","article-title":"Inflammation and oxidative stress in chronic kidney disease and dialysis patients","volume":"35","author":"Ebert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0186010","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186010","article-title":"Spontaneous variability of pre-dialysis concentrations of uremic toxins over time in stable hemodialysis patients","volume":"12","author":"Eloot","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6508","DOI":"10.1039\/c8fo01876f","article-title":"Could resistant starch supplementation improve inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers and uremic toxins levels in hemodialysis patients? A pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Esgalhado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food and Funct."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.1039\/c9fo02939g","article-title":"Resistant starch type-2 enriched cookies modulate uremic toxins and inflammation in hemodialysis patients: a randomized, double-blind, crossover and placebo-controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Esgalhado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179295","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1179295","article-title":"Pea hull fiber supplementation does not modulate uremic metabolites in adults receiving hemodialysis: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"Fatani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511006301","article-title":"High-performance inulin and oligofructose prebiotics increase the intestinal absorption of iron in rats with iron deficiency anaemia during the growth phase","volume":"108","author":"Freitas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.12091","article-title":"National agenda for prevention of healthcare-associated infections in dialysis centers","volume":"26","author":"Gupta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Natl. agenda Prev. healthcare-associated Infect. dialysis centers. Semin Dial"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2215878","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.15878","article-title":"Association of uric acid-lowering therapy with incident chronic kidney disease","volume":"5","author":"Hassan","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2022.2145971","article-title":"Higher serum trimethylamine-N-oxide levels are associated with increased abdominal aortic calcification in hemodialysis patients","volume":"44","author":"He","year":"","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-021-02669-y","article-title":"Inulin-type prebiotics reduce serum uric acid levels via gut microbiota modulation: a randomized, controlled crossover trial in peritoneal dialysis patients","volume":"61","author":"He","year":"","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2018.12.030","article-title":"CX3CL1-CX3CR1 interaction mediates macrophage-mesothelial cross talk and promotes peritoneal fibrosis","volume":"95","author":"Helmke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-020-0315-4","article-title":"The current and future landscape of dialysis","volume":"16","author":"Himmelfarb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11010028","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of an antioxidative Galactomannan\u2212Iron(III) complex from Sesbania seed","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polym. (Basel)"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7353","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c01547","article-title":"Preventive effects of Lactobacillus mixture against chronic kidney disease progression through enhancement of beneficial bacteria and downregulation of gut-derived uremic toxins","volume":"69","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agric. food Chem."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1177\/0896860820976983","article-title":"Clinical characteristics associated with the properties of gut microbiota in peritoneal dialysis patients","volume":"41","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Perit. Dialysis Int. J. Int. Soc. Perit. Dialysis"},{"key":"B38","article-title":"Probiotics in food: health and nutritional properties and guidelines. Rome","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Agric. Organ. U. N."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23129","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202201777RRR","article-title":"Activation of the inflammasome drives peritoneal deterioration in a mouse model of peritoneal fibrosis","volume":"37","author":"Kadoya","year":"2023","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2100374","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202100374","article-title":"The impact of enriched resistant starch type-2 cookies on the gut microbiome in hemodialysis patients: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"65","author":"Kemp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. and food Res."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-019-0343-x","article-title":"Effects of fermentable high fiber diet supplementation on gut derived and conventional nitrogenous product in patients on maintenance hemodialysis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Khosroshahi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. and metabolism"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2015.255","article-title":"Probiotics and chronic kidney disease","volume":"88","author":"Koppe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2010.68","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk in the peritoneal dialysis patient","volume":"6","author":"Krediet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2019.10.002","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of using nuts to improve bowel health in hemodialysis patients","volume":"30","author":"Lambert","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2013030314","article-title":"Independent effects of systemic and peritoneal inflammation on peritoneal dialysis survival","volume":"24","author":"Lambie","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2017.08.003","article-title":"NPT-IIb inhibition does not improve hyperphosphatemia in CKD","volume":"3","author":"Larsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Rep."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1159\/000381990","article-title":"The gut as a source of inflammation in chronic kidney disease","volume":"130","author":"Lau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.112.278457","article-title":"Cardiorenal syndrome: the emerging role of protein-bound uremic toxins","volume":"111","author":"Lekawanvijit","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691152","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.691152","article-title":"Recent advances in the synthetic biology of natural drugs","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz337","article-title":"Inulin-type fructan intervention restricts the increase in gut microbiome-generated indole in patients with peritoneal dialysis: a randomized crossover study","volume":"111","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15020360","article-title":"Causal effects of specific gut microbiota on chronic kidney diseases and renal function-A two-sample mendelian randomization study","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03812-x","article-title":"The prebiotic effects of soluble dietary fiber mixture on renal anemia and the gut microbiota in end-stage renal disease patients on maintenance hemodialysis: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-019-1969-1","article-title":"Dysbiosis of the gut microbiome is associated with CKD5 and correlated with clinical indices of the disease: a case-controlled study","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfaa019","article-title":"Association of subjective global assessment of nutritional status with gut microbiota in hemodialysis patients: a case\u2013control study","volume":"36","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dgaa166","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa166","article-title":"Characterization of gut microbiota composition in hemodialysis patients with normal weight obesity","volume":"105","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. metabolism"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-021-00191-x","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis and mortality in hemodialysis patients","volume":"7","author":"Lin","year":"","journal-title":"NPJ biofilms microbiomes"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2021.153561","article-title":"The effects of Fushen Granule on the composition and function of the gut microbiota during Peritoneal Dialysis-Related Peritonitis","volume":"86","author":"Lin","year":"","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3755","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-020-02207-2","article-title":"Effect of probiotics on the intestinal microbiota of hemodialysis patients: a randomized trial","volume":"59","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2018.08.024","article-title":"Synbiotic meal decreases uremic toxins in hemodialysis individuals: a placebo-controlled trial","volume":"116","author":"Lopes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Res. Int. Ott. Ont."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10060936","article-title":"Indoxyl-sulfate-induced redox imbalance in chronic kidney disease","volume":"10","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579386","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.579386","article-title":"The effects of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis on the gut microbiota of end-stage renal disease patients, and the relationship between gut microbiota and patient prognoses","volume":"11","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1600266","article-title":"The Human Intestinal Microbiome in Health and Disease","volume":"375","author":"Lynch","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2019.07.006","article-title":"The efficacy of prebiotic, probiotic, and synbiotic supplementation in modulating gut-derived circulatory particles associated with cardiovascular disease in individuals receiving dialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"30","author":"March","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4831","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23094831","article-title":"Fibrosis of peritoneal membrane as target of new therapies in peritoneal dialysis","volume":"23","author":"Masola","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.156265","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids, prebiotics, synbiotics, and systemic inflammation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"106","author":"McLoughlin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12070867","article-title":"Vascular calcification and the gut and blood microbiome in chronic kidney disease patients on peritoneal dialysis: a pilot study","volume":"12","author":"Merino-Ribas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2792","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.246059","article-title":"Relationship between gut microbiota and phosphorus metabolism in hemodialysis patients: a preliminary exploration","volume":"131","author":"Miao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J. Engl."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110713","article-title":"Effects of synbiotic supplementation on microbiota-derived protein-bound uremic toxins, systemic inflammation, and biochemical parameters in patients on hemodialysis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial","volume":"73","author":"Mirzaeian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2010.02.350","article-title":"Evaluation of the malnutrition-inflammation score in kidney transplant recipients","volume":"56","author":"Molnar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.2174\/1574887110666151026123235","article-title":"Recent clinical trials of pharmacologic cardiovascular interventions in patients with chronic kidney disease: an update","volume":"11","author":"Nataatmadja","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Recent Clin. Trials"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4456","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10194456","article-title":"Effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on uremic toxins, inflammation, and oxidative stress in hemodialysis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"10","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2022.12.010","article-title":"Berberine ameliorates chronic kidney disease through inhibiting the production of gut-derived uremic toxins in the gut microbiota","volume":"13","author":"Pan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2020.04.008","article-title":"Effects of probiotics on malnutrition and health-related quality of life in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"31","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.11280919","article-title":"Optimizing peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis prevention in the United States: from standardized peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis reporting and beyond","volume":"16","author":"Perl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11467.x","article-title":"The microbiology of butyrate formation in the human colon","volume":"217","author":"Pryde","year":"2002","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12030170","article-title":"Efficacy of divinylbenzenic resin in removing indoxyl sulfate and P-cresol sulfate in hemodialysis patients: results from an in vitro study and an in vivo pilot trial (xuanro4-Nature 3.2)","volume":"12","author":"Rocchetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Xuanro4-nature. Toxins"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13040252","article-title":"The impact of CKD on uremic toxins and gut microbiota","volume":"13","author":"Rysz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-4337.2006.tb00076.x","article-title":"Resistant starch-A review","volume":"5","author":"Sajilata","year":"2006","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-020-02760-z","article-title":"Can curcumin supplementation reduce plasma levels of gut-derived uremic toxins in hemodialysis patients? A pilot randomized, double-blind, controlled study","volume":"53","author":"Salarolli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904284","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.904284","article-title":"Alterations of gut microbial pathways and virulence factors in hemodialysis patients","volume":"12","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726256","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.726256","article-title":"Uremic toxin-producing Bacteroides species prevail in the gut microbiota of Taiwanese CKD patients: an analysis using the new taiwan microbiome baseline","volume":"12","author":"Shivani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.07.001","article-title":"Quantifying diet-induced metabolic changes of the human gut microbiome","volume":"22","author":"Shoaie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2018.02.011","article-title":"The microbiome in chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis","volume":"130","author":"Sim\u00f5es-Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2016.09.040","article-title":"Probiotic supplementation in diabetic hemodialysis patients has beneficial metabolic effects","volume":"91","author":"Soleimani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2020.07.008","article-title":"Associations among plant-based diet quality, uremic toxins, and gut microbiota profile in adults undergoing hemodialysis therapy","volume":"31","author":"Stanford","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0044622","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00446-22","article-title":"Probiotic Bifidobacteria mitigate the deleterious effects of para-cresol in a Drosophila melanogaster toxicity model","volume":"7","author":"Stuivenberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000037","article-title":"Enterobacteriaceae peritonitis complicating peritoneal dialysis: a review of 210 consecutive cases","volume":"69","author":"Szeto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11020400","article-title":"Zebrafish model-based assessment of indoxyl sulfate-induced oxidative stress and its impact on renal and cardiac development","volume":"11","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxidants Basel, Switz."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.305360","article-title":"Gut microbiota-dependent trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) pathway contributes to both development of renal insufficiency and mortality risk in chronic kidney disease","volume":"116","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation Res."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2023.07.012","article-title":"Why are we not getting more patients onto peritoneal dialysis? Observations from the United States with global implications","volume":"8","author":"Teitelbaum","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Rep."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-022-01190-7","article-title":"Gut microbiota profile of patients on peritoneal dialysis: comparison with household contacts","volume":"77","author":"Teixeira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-021-00910-x","article-title":"Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), diet and cardiovascular disease","volume":"23","author":"Thomas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12040234","article-title":"Protein-bound uremic toxins in hemodialysis patients relate to residual kidney function, are not influenced by convective transport, and do not relate to outcome","volume":"12","author":"van Gelder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxins (Basel)"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfab011","article-title":"A history of uraemic toxicity and of the European uraemic toxin work group (EUTox)","volume":"14","author":"Vanholder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.08.029","article-title":"Future avenues to decrease uremic toxin concentration","volume":"67","author":"Vanholder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfv095","article-title":"Altered intestinal microbial flora and impaired epithelial barrier structure and function in CKD: the nature, mechanisms, consequences and potential treatment","volume":"31","author":"Vaziri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1097\/01.asn.0000070071.57901.b3","article-title":"Is a single time point C-reactive protein predictive of outcome in peritoneal dialysis patients?","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.05605-11","article-title":"Real-time PCR analysis of the intestinal microbiotas in peritoneal dialysis patients","volume":"78","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319766","article-title":"Aberrant gut microbiota alters host metabolome and impacts renal failure in humans and rodents","volume":"69","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1823800","article-title":"Targeting the gut microbial metabolic pathway with small molecules decreases uremic toxin production","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"","journal-title":"Gut microbes"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09922","article-title":"Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease","volume":"472","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.37421","article-title":"Gut microbiota as diagnostic tools for mirroring disease progression and circulating nephrotoxin levels in chronic kidney disease: discovery and validation study","volume":"16","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6840","DOI":"10.1039\/d3fo01518a","article-title":"The probiotic Lactobacillus casei Zhang-mediated correction of gut dysbiosis ameliorates peritoneal fibrosis by suppressing macrophage-related inflammation via the butyrate\/PPAR-\u03b3\/NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2013.08.027","article-title":"Relationship between serum uric acid and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients treated with peritoneal dialysis","volume":"64","author":"Xia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2200531","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202200531","article-title":"The effect of inulin-type fructans on plasma trimethylamine N-oxide levels in peritoneal dialysis patients: a randomized crossover trial","volume":"67","author":"Xiong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2863","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11182863","article-title":"Health benefits and side effects of short-chain fatty acids","volume":"11","author":"Xiong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2310909","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.10909","article-title":"Progression of vascular calcification and clinical outcomes in patients receiving maintenance dialysis","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2021.10.001","article-title":"Gut microbial metabolite TMAO increases peritoneal inflammation and peritonitis risk in peritoneal dialysis patients","volume":"240","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Res. J. laboratory Clin. Med."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-023-03056-y","article-title":"Metagenome-wide analysis uncovers gut microbial signatures and implicates taxon-specific functions in end-stage renal disease","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.119.313414","article-title":"Trimethylamine-N-Oxide promotes vascular calcification through activation of NLRP3 (Nucleotide-Binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family, pyrin domain-containing-3) inflammasome and NF-\u03baB (nuclear factor \u03baB) signals","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2023.09.002","article-title":"Dietary fatty acids intake and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients on peritoneal dialysis","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644363","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.644363","article-title":"Hyperphosphatemia and cardiovascular disease","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-022-02704-y","article-title":"Exploration of the correlation between intestinal flora and Escherichia coli peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis","volume":"23","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919352","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.919352","article-title":"Gut microbiota correlates with clinical responsiveness to erythropoietin in hemodialysis patients with anemia","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1470232\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T07:48:16Z","timestamp":1745567296000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1470232\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"references-count":112,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fphar.2025.1470232"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1470232","relation":{},"ISSN":["1663-9812"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1663-9812","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"article-number":"1470232"}}